The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vivo acute and sub-acute antiarthritic activity of aqueous extract of M. zapota and its biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).

This study aimed to assess the potential of Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae) seed n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts as anticonvulsant, sedative, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic agents in Swiss albino mice. Different doses of each extract were evaluated for the anxiolytic potential using the hole-board, the elevated plus maze and the light/dark test. A phenobarbitone-induced sleep test was employed for the evaluation of sedative potential. Acute anticonvulsant activity was evaluated by picrotoxin and strychnine-induced convulsion models. All extracts significantly reduced the number of head dips where n-hexane extract (400 mg/kg) showed 96.34% reduction in the tendency of head dipping when compared with the control. Mice treated with extracts preferred elevated plus maze open arms and were shown to lack open arms evasion, especially n-hexane extract (400 mg/kg)—which showed 456.14%—increased the duration of open arm stay with the respective control group. By reducing sleep latency and greatly lengthening sleep duration, L. serriola enhanced the effects of barbiturate-induced sleep. A significant increase in convulsion latency and decrease in convulsions induced by picrotoxin and strychnine duration was observed in all extract-treated groups. All the extracts exhibited anti-epileptogenic potential as the seizure score in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice was reduced significantly. Maximum protection was afforded by chloroform extract that reduced the seizure score by 79.93% compared with the PTZ group. Chloroform executed antioxidant effect by elevating super oxide dismutase (SOD) by 126%, catalase (CAT) by 83.53%, total glutathione (tGSH) by 149%, and reducing malondialdhyde (MDA) levels by 36.49% in the brain tissues that is further consolidated by histopathological examination. Metabolic profiling of the most active chloroform extract using Gas chromatography coupled with mass showed the presence of 16 compounds. This anti-epileptic activity was further confirmed via in silico molecular modelling studies in the active site Gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) where all of the tested metabolites illustrated a potent inhibitory potential towards GABA-AT with hexadecanoic acid, 15-methyl-, methyl ester followed by octadecanoic acid, methyl ester showed the best fitting. The results indicated the possible anxiolytic and anti-epileptogenic potential of the plant and further consolidated the ethnopharmacological use of L. serriola seeds.

Background: Traditionally, Berberis lyceum was extensively used for the treatment of several human diseases. Objective: This study was undertaken to determine in vivo effects of Berberis lyceum root bark against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: A single dose of doxorubicin (20 mg/ kg i. p) and cisplatin (4mg/kg i.p) was used to induce cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity, respectively. Berberis lyceum methanolic extract was given orally (200 and 400 mg/ kg) to toxicity-induced rats. The cardiac biomarkers i.e. serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB were analyzed in blood collected from cardiotoxic rats. The tissue oxidative stress markers included protein, glutathione s-transferase specific activity, catalase activity, total glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels were measured in cardiac and brain homogenate of the respective groups. Results: Berberis lyceum methanolic extract has the potential to reduce the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity significantly (*p<0.05) by reducing the serum markers and oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological analysis exhibited a marked improvement in the morphology of cardiac and brain tissues. Conclusion: It is concluded that methanolic extract of Berberis lyceum root bark has the potential to protect and reverse anticancer drugs induced cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Keywords: Doxorubicin; Cisplatin; Berberis lyceum; Cardiotoxicity; Neurotoxicity; Antioxidant.

Drug-metabolizing enzymes are either boosted or suppressed by diabetes mellitus. This research was designed to explore Fagonia cretica L. aerial parts’ impact on CYP3A4 and UGT2B7 activity and their mRNA expression in diabetic rats. Fagonia cretica (F. cretica) dried powder was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The methanol extract and aqueous fraction presented the most significant potential to decrease the concentration of alpha-hydroxyl midazolam, with 176.0 ± 0.85 mg/Kg and 182.9 ± 0.99 mg/Kg, respectively, compared to the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic group, reflecting the inhibition in CYP3A4 activity. The fold change in mRNA expression of CYP3A4 was decreased significantly by the methanol extract, and the aqueous fraction of F. cretica estimated by 0.15 ± 0.002 and 0.16 ± 0.001, respectively, compared with the diabetic group. Morphine metabolism was significantly increased in rats treated with F. cretica methanol extract and its aqueous fraction, displaying 93.4 ± 0.96 mg/Kg and 96.4 ± 1.27 mg/Kg, respectively, compared with the metabolism of morphine in the diabetic group, which highlights the induction of UGT2B7 activity. The fold change in mRNA expression of UGT2B7 was significantly increased by the methanol extract and the aqueous fraction, estimated at 8.14 ± 0.26 and 7.17 ± 0.23 respectively, compared to the diabetic group. Phytochemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where the methanol extract showed more flavonoids and phenolic compounds compared to the aqueous fraction of F. cretica. The obtained results were further consolidated by molecular docking studies, where quercetin showed the best fitting within the active pocket of CYP3A4, followed by gallic acid, displaying free binding energies (∆G) of −30.83 and −23.12 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, F. cretica could serve as a complementary medicine with standard anti-diabetic therapy that can modulate the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes.