In order to understand the source of China’s global influence, the key sectors and important connections in China’s economic and trade networks should be identified. Based on China’s 2002–2018 input–output data, this study uses the entropy weight method to determine weights, and then combines the social network analysis method in order to construct a comprehensive index system for industry status evaluation. Research results indicate that the high-risk financial industry occupies the top position among all industries. Additionally, resource-consuming industries represented by the coal mining industry and highly polluting industries still occupy an important position in China’s economy. Machinery, electronics manufacturing, and other real industries show increasing value-added products, steadily improving technology intensity, and continue to climb the industrial value chain. The conclusions of this study provide a comprehensive and detailed industrial understanding of the formulation of comprehensive and systematic national economic strategies as well as targeted industrial policies to achieve sustainable development.