To fulfill fast-growing energy needs, all energy sources should be utilized. Renewable energy is infinite and clean. However, its main disadvantage is that renewable energy sources are intermittent. A Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is built by integrating several distinct energy sources to deal with this problem. In regards to energy economy, economics, dependability, and flexibility, these hybrid systems can surpass the limits of individual energy producing technologies. The power capacity of HRESs increased from 700 GW to 3100 GW globally over the period 2000–2021. This study aimed to offer and analyze a comprehensive literature review of recently published works by several researchers in the area of HRESs. The HRES contains different Hybrid Energy Systems (HESs), which are categorized into three parts, namely, PV_Other, Wind_Other and PV_Wind_Other. These systems, based on different optimization techniques/software with techno-economic objective functions and constraints, are reviewed in this paper. The optimal sizing, control, and power management strategies of the HRES are elaborately discussed to harness its potential. It has been determined that Metaheuristic (MH) methods and HOMER software are mostly employed in the fields of HRES sizing, control, power management, and optimization. The review provides a critical analysis of the shortcomings of the existing HRES systems, while choosing optimization parameters, and control and power management schemes. Moreover, the study encapsulates the various challenges/barriers in adopting HRESs. Finally, this review highlights possible future opportunities for PV, Wind, and other HESs in the area of control, power management, optimization, and optimal sizing.

The off-grid Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) demonstrate great potential to be sustainable and economically feasible options to meet the growing energy needs and counter the depletion of conventional energy sources. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the size of HRES components to assess system cost and dependability. This paper presents the optimal sizing of HRES to provide a very cost-effective and efficient solution for supplying power to a rural region. This study develops a PV-Wind-Battery-DG system with an objective of 3E analysis which includes Energy, Economic, and Environmental CO₂ emissions. Indispensable parameters like technical parameters (Loss of Power Supply Probability, Renewable factor, PV fraction, and Wind fraction) and social factor (Human Developing Index) are evaluated to show the proposed modified Harris Hawks Optimization (mHHO) algorithm’s merits over the existing algorithms. To achieve the objectives, the proposed mHHO algorithm uses nine distinct operators to obtain simultaneous optimization. Furthermore, the performance of mHHO is evaluated by using the CEC 2019 test suite and the most optimal mHHO is chosen for sizing and 3E analysis of HRES. The findings demonstrate that the mHHO has achieved optimized values for Cost of Energy (COE), Net Present Cost (NPC), and Annualized System Cost (ASC) with the lowest values being 0.14130 $/kWh, 1,649,900$, and 1,16,090$/year respectively. The reduction in COE value using the proposed mHHO approach is 0.49% in comparison with most of the other MH-algorithms. Additionally, the system primarily relies on renewable sources, with diesel usage accounting for only 0.03% of power generation. Overall, this study effectively addresses the challenge of performing a 3E analysis with mHHO algorithm which exhibits excellent convergence and is capable of producing high-quality outcomes in the design of HRES. The mHHO algorithm attains optimal economic efficiency while simultaneously minimizing the impact on the environment and maintaining a high human development index.

The evolution of renewable energy-based power systems and smart grids has posed challenges in the development of innovative power conversion systems. The fluctuating load demands coupled with the intermittent nature of RES necessitate the combination of two or more energy sources along with auxiliary storage systems. This integration is crucial to meet load demands, enhance the system’s dynamic, steady-state characteristics, consistency, and availability. MPC DC-DC converters are required to facilitate the integration of RES with an ESS. These converters enable effective power flow control between RES, battery ports, and load ports in distributed power generation systems. This article comprehensively examines several topologies of MPCs associated with RES, ESS, EVs, and DC microgrids. This paper also provides an in-depth investigation, comparisons, and evaluations of non-isolated, isolated, and partially isolated MPC. It examines the diverse topologies relevant to each type of isolation, emphasizing the recent advancement of MPCs. A unique, extensive comparative analysis is conducted on the converter architectures and features, which includes operating conditions, device count, efficiency, control strategy, prototype rating, power loss analysis, switching voltage stress, voltage gain, and number of ports. Additionally, an investigation of the performance on different MPCs is carried out, thereby identifying the benefits and shortcomings of the different topologies, which are recommended for future research.