Allophylus serratusmediated silver nanoparticles biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity were described. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by visual observation: UV-Vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). UV-Vis spectroscopy studies showed that the absorption spectra of synthesized silver nanoparticles from leaf and callus extracts had absorbance peak range of 440 nm and 445 nm, respectively. The X-RD pattern revealed the presence of crystalline, dominantly spherical silver nanoparticles in the sample having size ranging from 42 to 50 nm. The XRD peaks 38.2°, 44.1°, 64.1°, and 77.0° for leaf extract and 38.1°, 44.3°, 64.5°, 77.5°, and 81.33° for callus extract can be assigned the plane of silver crystals (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively, and indicate that the silver nanoparticles are face-centered, cubic, and crystalline in nature. SEM and EDS analysis also confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. The FTIR results showed the presence of some biomolecules in extracts that act as reducing and capping agent for silver nanoparticles biosynthesis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial activity againstKlebsiella pneumoniaeandPseudomonas aeruginosa.

Allophylus serratus is a medicinal plant used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent. The main objectives of this study are to identify phytochemical compounds that have anti-inflammatory properties from the leaf extracts of Allophylus serratus and to search for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitors through molecular docking. From the GC-MS analysis of leaf extracts of this plant, various phytochemicals were identified. About 10of these phytochemical compounds were analyzed for their drug likeliness based on Lipinski’s rule of five and inhibitor property against the cyclooxygenase (COX-2) enzyme, a protein responsible for inflammation The phytochemical compounds which satisfy the Lipinski’s rule such as 1H-Benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-,(R) and Sulfurous acid, dipentyl ester were subjected to docking experiments using AutoDock Vina. The results from molecular docking study revealed that 1H-Benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-, (R)-, Sulfurous acid, dipentyl ester and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester bind effectively to the active site region of COX-2 with a binding energy of −8.9, −8.4, and −7.9, respectively. The binding energy of the phyto-compounds were compared with the known antiinflammatory drug Diclofenac that inhibit COX-2 enzyme. It was found that the phytochemical compounds from leaf extracts of Allophylus serratus have strong inhibitory effect on COX-2 enzyme and as a result they have potential anti-inflammatory medicinal values. Thus the study puts forth experimental validation for traditional antidote and these phyto-compounds could be further promoted as potential lead molecule.

Nicotiana glauca is a medicinal plant that belongs to the genus Nicotiana, traditionally used for the treatment of many diseases. This study aims to screen the phytochemical content of leaf extracts of Nicotiana glauca, synthesize silver nanoparticles using the extracts, and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The leaf samples were collected, air-dried, and ground into powder. The leaf powder was macerated with distilled water, methanol, n-hexane, and chloroform to extract the phytochemicals. Phytochemical analysis was performed using standard methods. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved by mixing a 3 mM silver nitrate solution with the plant extract, and the synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and the synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated by the DPPH scavenging assay, while the in vitro antimicrobial activities were evaluated using the agar disc diffusion method against selected bacterial and fungal strains. The results of the phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolics, steroids, and glycosides. The results of the antioxidant activity evaluation of AgNPs, methanol extract, chloroform extract, and n-hexane extract showed that they possess remarkable antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity analysis also indicated that percentage inhibition and IC50 were dose-dependent. Synthesized silver nanoparticles showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 78 μg/mL, while the methanol extract gave an IC50 value of 170 μg/mL. The results of the antimicrobial activity evaluation showed that the plant extract and the synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activities. The highest zone of inhibition observed was 16.33±1.155 mm for synthesized silver nanoparticles and 15.33±1.155 mm for the plant extract. The lowest zone of inhibition observed was 9.67±0.577 mm for synthesized silver nanoparticles and 7.33±0.577 mm for the plant extract. Generally, the plant extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Further studies should be conducted on the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of this plant.

Background Allophylus serratus Roxb (Kurz.) is a medicinal plant with various therapeutic properties. It has been used for the treatment of various alignments such as elephantiasis, edema, fractured bones, in bone dislocations, wound, several gastrointestinal disorders such as dyspepsia, anorexia, and diarrhea. The aim of this study is to establish protocol for surface sterilization, in vitro callus induction and plant regeneration from leaf and nodal segment explants of Allophylus serratus. Results From the tested media, the maximum callus induction frequency (81.11%) from leaf and 84.44% from nodal segment explants were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg l^− 1BAP) combined with 0.5mgl^− 1 NAA. The highest shoot regeneration frequency (57.78%) and root regeneration frequency (65.55%) were achieved on growth regulators free MS medium and MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg l^− 1IBA respectively. Acclimatization of the regenerated plantlets was established successfully (100%) in a pot containing sand, soil and compost in 1:2:2 ratios. Conclusions In this study successful callus induction protocol from leaf and nodal explants of A. serratus using MS media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators (2,4-D, NAA, and BAP). MS media containing 3mg/l BAP and 0.5mg/l NAA was the most efficient for callus induction. these callus induction and plant regeneration protocols are very important for mass propagation of the species and also opens a new way to facilitate secondary metabolites production and isolation of pharmaceuticals from callus rather than harvesting the plant.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06246.].