Ontology has been increasingly implemented to facilitate the Internet of Things (IoT) activities, such as tracking and information discovery, storage, information exchange, and object addressing. However, a complete understanding of using ontology in the IoT mechanism remains lacking. The main goal of this research is to recognize the use of ontology in the IoT process and investigate the services of ontology in IoT activities. A systematic literature review (SLR) is conducted using predefined protocols to analyze the literature about the usage of ontologies in IoT. The following conclusions are obtained from the SLR. (1) Primary studies (i.e., selected 115 articles) have addressed the need to use ontologies in IoT for industries and the academe, especially to minimize interoperability and integration of IoT devices. (2) About 31.30% of extant literature discussed ontology development concerning the IoT interoperability issue, while IoT privacy and integration issues are partially discussed in the literature. (3) IoT styles of modeling ontologies are diverse, whereas 35.65% of total studies adopted the OWL style. (4) The 32 articles (i.e., 27.83% of the total studies) reused IoT ontologies to handle diverse IoT methodologies. (5) A total of 45 IoT ontologies are well acknowledged, but the IoT community has widely utilized none. An in-depth analysis of different IoT ontologies suggests that the existing ontologies are beneficial in designing new IoT ontology or achieving three main requirements of the IoT field: interoperability, integration, and privacy. This SLR is finalized by identifying numerous validity threats and future directions.

Knowledge management in a structured system is a complicated task that requires common, standardized methods that are acceptable to all actors in a system. Ontology, in this regard, is a primary element and plays a central role in knowledge management, interoperability between various departments, and better decision making. The ontology construction for structured systems comprises logical and structural complications. Researchers have already proposed a variety of domain ontology construction schemes. However, these schemes do not involve some important phases of ontology construction that make ontologies more collaborative. Furthermore, these schemes do not provide details of the activities and methods involved in the construction of an ontology, which may cause difficulty in implementing the ontology. The major objectives of this research were to provide a comparison between some existing ontology construction schemes and to propose an enhanced ecological and confined domain ontology construction (EC-DOC) scheme for structured knowledge management. The proposed scheme introduces five important phases to construct an ontology, with a major focus on the conceptualizing and clustering of domain concepts. In the conceptualization phase, a glossary of domain-related concepts and their properties is maintained, and a Fuzzy C-Mean soft clustering mechanism is used to form the clusters of these concepts. In addition, the localization of concepts is instantly performed after the conceptualization phase, and a translation file of localized concepts is created. The EC-DOC scheme can provide accurate concepts regarding the terms for a specific domain, and these concepts can be made available in a preferred local language.

Crowdsourcing is one of the trends in e-business nowadays. It gives solutions for any distributed problem by making a call to crowds via the internet. Crowdsourcing process can solve the company resources issues mainly related to man, machine, money, method, material and marketing. In Indonesia, the best example of crowdsourcing is Gojek Company. The main problem of being faced by Micro Small Medium Enterprise (MSME's) is to obtain the business and employee. By implementing the concept of crowdsourcing, it will solve the stated problem. The objective of this research is to survey the MSMEs awareness of crowdsourcing technology as business solutions. Descriptive statistics approach was used as a research methodology. It based on meeting session and a survey using a questionnaire to 102 MSME East Java, Indonesia as the respondents. The results show 88% of MSMEs in Indonesia does not seem aware that crowdsourcing can helps them to solve their company administration problem. Only 10% aware of the existing of crowdsourcing and will help them in fulfilling human resources, business machines, materials, accessing the market and providing business method. In conclusions, crowdsourcing technology should be exposed to all MSMEs in Indonesia. One framework on how to embedded crowdsourcing into their company should be developed. This framework will help them to used crowdsourcing as one of the ways to enhance their company performance and marketing.

In the fast-paced world of e-commerce, especially on platforms like Amazon, standing out with your products is essential for attracting customers and boosting sales. Often, businesses rely on traditional Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) separately, which can lead to less-than-ideal outcomes. This paper introduces a new model called the Strategic SEO and SEM Visibility Model (SSVSM), which combines the best of both SEO and SEM to improve product visibility and rankings. The model uses a mix of on-page and off-page SEO techniques along with SEM strategies like pay-per-click (PPC), retargeting, and display ads, all while continuously optimizing in real-time. A case study was performed on Amazon.com, comparing products that were optimized using standard SEO/SEM methods (Group A) against those using the SSVSM hybrid model (Group B). The evaluation focused on key performance indicators such as ranking improvements, impression growth, conversion rates, and precision. The results showed that Group B outperformed Group A significantly, achieving a 4-page ranking boost, a 35% increase in impressions, a 20% conversion rate, and a precision rate that was four times higher than the control group. These findings confirm that the SSVSM model effectively targets the right users while maximizing both organic and paid traffic results. This research offers a practical and statistically backed framework for digital marketers and e-commerce businesses looking to enhance their visibility strategies in ever-changing online markets.

Sustainable food systems are integral to addressing global challenges such as food security, environmental degradation, and socio-economic resilience. As the demand for sustainable practices grows, ontologies provide a powerful means to organize, manage, and analyze the complexity of these systems. This paper examines the integration of ontologies into the Sejahtera-Souq, a marketplace initiative at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), to bolster food system resilience. Ontologies allow for a structured representation of data across the food supply chain, enabling automated sustainability assessments, greater transparency, and more efficient operations. Sejahtera-Souq, in line with IIUM’s sustainability goals, stands to benefit significantly from ontology-based tools. By adopting such frameworks, the marketplace can track and manage food and optimize resource use. Moreover, ontologies can aid in mapping relationships between food products, their origins, processing methods, and their environmental impacts. This will facilitate informed decision-making for both producers and consumers, promoting a culture of sustainability on campus. This study not only reviews current applications of ontologies in food systems but also proposes a roadmap for integrating these technologies into Sejahtera-Souq. Through the use of ontology-driven intelligence, the marketplace can align itself with international standards for sustainability while fostering local socio-economic growth. The incorporation of these technologies into Sejahtera-Souq can serve as a model for other institutions seeking to implement sustainable marketplace frameworks, demonstrating how academic institutions can play a leading role in the global shift towards more resilient food systems.