Modeling is an essential tool for the development of atmospheric emission abatement measures and air quality plans. Most often these plans are related to urban environments with high emission density and population exposure. However, air quality modeling in urban areas is a rather challenging task. As environmental standards become more stringent (e.g. European Directive 2008/50/EC), more reliable and sophisticated modeling tools are needed to simulate measures and plans that may effectively tackle air quality exceedances, common in large urban areas across Europe, particularly for NO₂. This also implies that emission inventories must satisfy a number of conditions such as consistency across the spatial scales involved in the analysis, consistency with the emission inventories used for regulatory purposes and versatility to match the requirements of different air quality and emission projection models. This study reports the modeling activities carried out in Madrid (Spain) highlighting the atmospheric emission inventory development and preparation as an illustrative example of the combination of models and data needed to develop a consistent air quality plan at urban level. These included a series of source apportionment studies to define contributions from the international, national, regional and local sources in order to understand to what extent local authorities can enforce meaningful abatement measures. Moreover, source apportionment studies were conducted in order to define contributions from different sectors and to understand the maximum feasible air quality improvement that can be achieved by reducing emissions from those sectors, thus targeting emission reduction policies to the most relevant activities. Finally, an emission scenario reflecting the effect of such policies was developed and the associated air quality was modeled.

This research studies the efficiency of Flipped Classroom (FC) and Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) as an innovative methodology to facilitate the learning of concepts involving sustainability and the circular economy by higher education students. This study, conducted as part of various innovative education projects, was applied in different courses (Environmental Management, Environmental Engineering and Industrial Ecology) taught to different engineering majors (Degree in Geomatics and Survey Engineering and Master’s Degree in Chemical Engineering) at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain). The main aim is to enhance the environmental competences of students by means of unconventional learning, increasing the motivation, participation and grades of the students in the course. Our results indicate that, in general terms, the students rated the efficiency of the new learning methodologies as satisfactory; however, a more detailed analysis of the results reveals some aspects that need special consideration, such as an assessment of specific and cross-cutting competences, in addition to the lack of previous soft skills, such as teamwork, creativity and work planning.