Parental stress is a construct related to people’s perception of difficulties and feelings of not being able to cope with the demands of parenting. This construct is often experienced as a negative or aversive response to parental obligations, and the available evidence also suggests that excessive parenting stress reduces the use of positive parenting behaviors and are related to dysfunctional parenting. Different instruments exist to assess parental stress. This article is part of a project to translate and adapt the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), fourth edition, in its two forms (full and short). The aim of this research is to identify the psychometric indicators obtained by this instrument and to review the evidence they can provide. Method: Following the PRISMA guide (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), the studies related to the PSI were identified in different databases (ERIC, PsycArticles, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Results: The screening process resulted in 16 articles; four have analyzed the psychometric properties of the PSI-4 and the rest have studied the PSI-3. Although version 4 was published in 2012, the studies are scarce. However, they follow the line noted in the previous short version, a high internal consistency and a factor structure of three factors. Conclusions: The difficulties of working with a measurement instrument with 101 items means that the full version of the PSI has been little studied, except in translation and linguistic adaptation studies.

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by social-communication deficits and repetitive behaviours. Research on gender differences in ASD has so far been limited although, recently, there has been increased interest in exploring how ASD relates to gender identity (GI) and gender disorders, such as gender dysphoria (GD); in this sense, some studies suggest a significant correlation between ASD and GD, finding that individuals with ASD more frequently exhibit GD traits compared to the general population. This article systematically reviews the relationship between ASD and GD on adults without cognitive impairment. Methods: The search was performed in the Web of Science (WOS) database, as well as in ScopusElsevier, PubMed, PsycInfo and Embase, with the keywords ”autism” AND ”gender”, “autism disorder” AND “gender”, “ASD” AND “gender”, limiting it by title and published since 2013, after the publication of the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition). Results: The screening process shows a low number of papers (12 articles) with diverse research methodologies and mostly small and convenience samples, composed of individuals from Western societies with a medium-high sociocultural background; four of them have focused on GD, four have studied GI, four both of them. The results indicate a relationship about ASD and diversity of GI, as well as a certain positive correlation between ASD and GD. Some studies also found influence of ASD on sexual orientation and on libido. Conclusions: It is suggested that ASD may influence GI formation and that may have some influence on GD. The importance of recognising diversity in GI in individuals with ASD, is emphasised for a better clinical support. This review highlights the need for further research with larger samples and more representative samples, including more gender-balanced samples, as most of the reviewed studies focused on males. The registration number in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO is CRD42024360335.