Lignocellulose utilization has been gaining great attention worldwide due to its abundance, accessibility, renewability and recyclability. Destruction and dissociation of the cross-linked, hierarchical structure within cellulose hemicellulose and lignin is the key procedure during chemical utilization of lignocellulose. Of the pretreatments, biological treatment, which can effectively target the complex structures, is attractive due to its mild reaction conditions and environmentally friendly characteristics. Herein, we report a comprehensive review of the current biological pretreatments for lignocellulose dissociation and their corresponding degradation mechanisms. Firstly, we analyze the layered, hierarchical structure of cell wall, and the cross-linked network between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, then highlight that the cracking of β-aryl ether is considered the key to lignin degradation because of its dominant position. Secondly, we explore the effect of biological pretreatments, such as fungi, bacteria, microbial consortium, and enzymes, on substrate structure and degradation efficiency. Additionally, combining biological pretreatment with other methods (chemical methods and catalytic materials) may reduce the time necessary for the whole process, which also help to strengthen the lignocellulose dissociation efficiency. Thirdly, we summarize the related applications of lignocellulose, such as fuel production, chemicals platform, and bio-pulping, which could effectively alleviate the energy pressure through bioconversion into high value-added products. Based on reviewing of current progress of lignocellulose pretreatment, the challenges and future prospects are emphasized. Genetic engineering and other technologies to modify strains or enzymes for improved biotransformation efficiency will be the focus of future research.

Flexible wearable sensors show great potential for applications in wearable devices, remote health monitoring, artificial intelligence, soft robotics, and artificial skin due to their stretchability, bendability, thinness and portability, and excellent electrical properties. Hydrogels have tunable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and flexibility, making them attractive candidates for wearable flexible sensors. Among them, tremendous efforts have focused on the advancement of chitosan-based hydrogels (CS-Gels) to realize multifunctional wearable sensing by modifying hydrogel networks with additives/nanofillers/functional groups. Recently, remarkable progress has been made in flexible wearable sensors. Herein, this review summarizes recent advances in CS-Gels wearable sensors for applications such as human motion monitoring, health monitoring, human-machine interface and soft robotics. Representative synthesis methods and strategies for CS-Gels are briefly described, the problems and deficiencies of CS-Gels for wearable sensors are discussed. Finally, the possible opportunities and challenges for the future development of CS-Gels flexible wearable devices are proposed.

This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recycling of postconsumer polyethylene waste, including various mechanical and chemical recycling processes, while highlighting their advantages and future development prospects.

This study innovatively integrates ball-milled manganese dioxide nanozyme (MDMP) with the Streptomyces rochei ZY-2 inoculant in aerobic rice straw composting. The ZY-2 inoculant efficiently degrades the three major components to generate humus precursors such as phenols and quinones, while the MnO₂ nanozyme accelerates precursor polymerization into stable humic acid (HA) via oxygen vacancy-mediated catalytic activity. Simultaneously, this combination regulates microbial communities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The results show that the co-treatment group (ZY-2+ MnO₂ nanozyme) had an increased HA content by 30.8%, raised HA/FA ratio by 31.6%, and degradation rates of 30.75%, 31.39%, and 16.74% for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. Additionally, cumulative emissions of CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃ were significantly reduced by 35.22%, 28.23%, and 25.67% compared to the control, attributed to the MnO₂ nanozyme’s inhibition of methanogens, enhanced nitrogen fixation, and ZY-2-driven microbial metabolic optimization. This study proposes a dual-effect strategy of “enhanced humification-synergistic greenhouse gas mitigation” for agricultural waste recycling, demonstrating significant practical value.