This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
The relationships Malaga has established with its port have changed over the centuries, conjuring up a variety of scenarios and circumstances. The past and present are closely linked phenomena in this case study where the porosity of the port‐city fabric has marked the city’s development and constitutes a key issue in the current and future challenges it faces. Malaga provides a particularly interesting example of a post‐industrial city that has reopened its port to its inhabitants’ acclaim while maintaining port activity. However, the growth tourism has seen in recent years has come to dominate the local economy. Cruise ships have taken on a significant role and have brought about important changes in the dynamics and flows between the port and the city, unsettling the balance between the two. This profile explores port‐city development through the lens of boundaries and flows, demonstrating how their dynamics have determined Malaga’s spatial, functional, and social development over time and how they continue to do so to this day. This article reviews the transformations the city has undergone and its future opportunities to achieve a balanced and sustainable port‐city relationship.
María J. Andrade; João Pedro Costa; Eduardo Jiménez-Morales; Jonathan Ruiz-Jaramillo. A City Profile of Malaga: The Role of the Port-City Border throughout Historical Transformations. Urban Planning 2021, 6, 105 -118.
AMA StyleMaría J. Andrade, João Pedro Costa, Eduardo Jiménez-Morales, Jonathan Ruiz-Jaramillo. A City Profile of Malaga: The Role of the Port-City Border throughout Historical Transformations. Urban Planning. 2021; 6 (3):105-118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría J. Andrade; João Pedro Costa; Eduardo Jiménez-Morales; Jonathan Ruiz-Jaramillo. 2021. "A City Profile of Malaga: The Role of the Port-City Border throughout Historical Transformations." Urban Planning 6, no. 3: 105-118.
The impact of sea-level rise on coastal towns is expected to be a major challenge, with millions of people exposed. The climate-induced risk assessment of coastal areas subject to flooding plays an essential role in planning effective measures for adaptation plans. However, in European legislation, as well as in the regional plans adopted by the member states, there is no clear reference to urban settlement, as this concept is variable and difficult to categorise from the policy perspective. This lack of knowledge makes it complicated to implement efficient adaptation plans. This research examines the presence of the issue in Portugal’s coastal settlements, the European coastal area most vulnerable to rising sea levels, using the case of seashore streets as the most exposed waterfront public urban areas. Using the morphometric classification of the urban fabric, we analyse the relationship between urban typology and legislative macro-areas aimed at providing integrated adaptation plans. The study suggests that there is only a minimal relationship between the proposed classification and the geographical zones currently identified in coastal planning policies. Such incongruence suggests the need for change, as the policy should be able to provide a response plan tailored to the specificities of urban areas.
Francesca Dal Cin; Martin Fleischmann; Ombretta Romice; João Costa. Climate Adaptation Plans in the Context of Coastal Settlements: The Case of Portugal. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8559 .
AMA StyleFrancesca Dal Cin, Martin Fleischmann, Ombretta Romice, João Costa. Climate Adaptation Plans in the Context of Coastal Settlements: The Case of Portugal. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Dal Cin; Martin Fleischmann; Ombretta Romice; João Costa. 2020. "Climate Adaptation Plans in the Context of Coastal Settlements: The Case of Portugal." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8559.
With the emergence of the third technological cycle, we have witnessed the gradual functional obsolescence of large industrial complexes inherited from the second industrialization, some of which located on waterfronts. Given their particularities, regeneration processes of these brownfield sites face complex challenges, in addition to those placed upon the regeneration of first generation port/industrial areas. Based upon the case study of brownfield sites in the Tagus Estuary (Portugal), this article aims to understand, systematise and discuss the challenges and barriers facing the regeneration of these areas, through the perception of the stakeholders involved in this process. The results obtained showed that 20 challenges/barriers are involved in understanding the difficulties of brownfield regeneration. These can be classified into six categories: governance (i.e. inconsistency of political vision, inadequacy of the intervention concept, inadequacy of the institutional model, inadequacy of institutional coordination, instability of the institutional model, lack of promotion and marketing); infrastructure (i.e. undefined structural projects, lack of accessibility); territorial (i.e. size of the intervention areas, location of the intervention areas, metropolitan territorial model, land ownership issues); finance (i.e. lack of investment, financial liabilities, financial crisis, property market crisis); culture (i.e. industrial tradition, industrial stigma); environment (i.e. environmental liabilities, climate change effects).
André Fernandes; João Figueira De Sousa; João Pedro Costa; Bruno Neves. Mapping stakeholder perception on the challenges of brownfield sites’ redevelopment in waterfronts: the Tagus Estuary. European Planning Studies 2020, 28, 2447 -2464.
AMA StyleAndré Fernandes, João Figueira De Sousa, João Pedro Costa, Bruno Neves. Mapping stakeholder perception on the challenges of brownfield sites’ redevelopment in waterfronts: the Tagus Estuary. European Planning Studies. 2020; 28 (12):2447-2464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndré Fernandes; João Figueira De Sousa; João Pedro Costa; Bruno Neves. 2020. "Mapping stakeholder perception on the challenges of brownfield sites’ redevelopment in waterfronts: the Tagus Estuary." European Planning Studies 28, no. 12: 2447-2464.
Most port cities have a long history of investment in the waterfront, adapting these spaces to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants and increase the tourist interest of the city, in a 50-year process of waterfront regeneration that started in the late 1960s. Even though one of the drivers of development in today’s port cities continues to be the transfer of knowledge and experiences between different cases, not all these cities have achieved their goals, nor have all done so in a sustainable way. This article exposes a new methodology, motivated by the need to carry out a comparative study of good practices of port–city integration for twelve specific cases. To enable a comparison of intangible realities such as port–city integration, it is mandatory to have a common benchmark to quantify features of cities from different cases. The 3DPortCityMeasure methodology is intended to provide a framework for analysing port-city integration, with results that supply an immediate understanding of each case. This tool enables direct comparative evaluation and provides support for land use planning and urban design approaches. The results show that the proposed approach for measuring intangible factors in the field of the port–city relationship is a very useful tool, novel in this discipline, and fully applicable to other cases and other urban issues.
María J. Andrade; João Pedro Costa; José Blasco López. 3DPortCityMeasure: Methodology for the Comparative Study of Good Practices in Port–City Integration. Sustainability 2020, 12, 880 .
AMA StyleMaría J. Andrade, João Pedro Costa, José Blasco López. 3DPortCityMeasure: Methodology for the Comparative Study of Good Practices in Port–City Integration. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):880.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría J. Andrade; João Pedro Costa; José Blasco López. 2020. "3DPortCityMeasure: Methodology for the Comparative Study of Good Practices in Port–City Integration." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 880.
Touristification of European port-cities is a contemporary process of globalisation in the age of the information society, adding cruise and marine specific dynamics to the promotion of cities as products and destinations for short-breaks, congresses or holidays. Port-cities have a long history of investment on the waterfront, adapting these spaces through at least three cycles since industrialisation, in a 50 years process of waterfront regeneration that started in the late 1960s. Touristification corresponds to a new (fourth) stage in a continuous port/city redevelopment process. Global tourism research reveals several undesirable impacts on cities, for example through gentrification (displacement) of local inhabitants or a change of the city’s identity into a generic image, where living conditions are impacted by higher housing prices. Alongside the negative impacts of cruise tourism is the profile of this type of tourist, e.g. as part of the so-called “low-cost tourism”. Confronted with unlimited growth of touristification and its negative impacts, major port-cities want to control this process. Effective monitoring tools, strong administrative coordination, and agile spatial planning and management instruments are determinant for port-cities to respond to the touristification process. Port-cities have struggled to orientate this process to define which types of tourism they want to promote or limit; cruises are part of the equation. In port-cities, touristification demands highly effective spatial planning answers, with inter-sectoral and trans-scale policy answers occurring simultaneously.
María J. Andrade; João Pedro Costa. Touristification of European Port-Cities: Impacts on Local Populations and Cultural Heritage. Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches 2020, 187 -204.
AMA StyleMaría J. Andrade, João Pedro Costa. Touristification of European Port-Cities: Impacts on Local Populations and Cultural Heritage. Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches. 2020; ():187-204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría J. Andrade; João Pedro Costa. 2020. "Touristification of European Port-Cities: Impacts on Local Populations and Cultural Heritage." Developing Sustainability Competences Through Pedagogical Approaches , no. : 187-204.
In the last decade, soft spaces and soft planning have emerged as new spatial planning and governance concepts, calling for a fresh approach to planning. The European Union has been partly responsible, not only by acting as a driver of soft planning, but also by encouraging the convergence and harmonisation of planning styles into a common European planning culture. However, soft planning does not replace statutory frameworks. Planning deals with both hard (mandatory and regulatory) and soft (non-statutory and non-binding) spaces, although this coexistence is not free of contention. Deviances and mismatches give rise to a number of ambiguities, inconsistencies and contradictions. This chapter examines the meeting ground between hard and soft planning, i.e. how EU-led, soft planning policy initiatives are accommodated and managed within statutory national planning systems, using the Portuguese system as a reference. The Portuguese administrative organisation and spatial planning system provide the background for the analysis, while the study focuses on soft planning initiatives endorsed by EU Cohesion Policy, namely in the last EU programming cycle of 2014–2020. The conclusions point to the tensions and detachments that emerge from the coexistence of EU-led soft planning and statutory spatial planning tools, despite the increasing convergence of the Portuguese system with European spatial planning rationale.
Cristina Cavaco; João Pedro Costa. Administrative Organisation and Spatial Planning in Portugal: A Push Towards Soft Planning Spaces in Europe? Shaping Regional Futures 2019, 87 -101.
AMA StyleCristina Cavaco, João Pedro Costa. Administrative Organisation and Spatial Planning in Portugal: A Push Towards Soft Planning Spaces in Europe? Shaping Regional Futures. 2019; ():87-101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Cavaco; João Pedro Costa. 2019. "Administrative Organisation and Spatial Planning in Portugal: A Push Towards Soft Planning Spaces in Europe?" Shaping Regional Futures , no. : 87-101.
Based on the Köppen Geiger (KG) classification system, this review article examines existing studies and projects that have endeavoured to address local outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through Public Space Design (PSD). The review is divided into two sequential stages, whereby (1) overall existing approaches to pedestrian thermal comfort thresholds are reviewed within both quantitative and qualitative spectrums; and (2) the different techniques and measures are reviewed and framed into four Measure Review Frameworks (MRFs), in which each type of PSD measure is presented alongside its respective local scale urban specificities/conditions and their resulting thermal attenuation outcomes. The result of this review article is the assessment of how current practices of PSD within three specific subcategories of the KG ‘Temperate’ group have addressed microclimatic aggravations such as elevated urban temperatures and Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects. Based upon a bottom-up approach, the interdisciplinary practice of PSD is hence approached as a means to address existing and future thermal risk factors within the urban public realm in an era of potential climate change.
Andre Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa; Mattheos Santamouris; Andreas Matzarakis. Approaches to Outdoor Thermal Comfort Thresholds through Public Space Design: A Review. Atmosphere 2018, 9, 108 .
AMA StyleAndre Santos Nouri, João Pedro Costa, Mattheos Santamouris, Andreas Matzarakis. Approaches to Outdoor Thermal Comfort Thresholds through Public Space Design: A Review. Atmosphere. 2018; 9 (3):108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndre Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa; Mattheos Santamouris; Andreas Matzarakis. 2018. "Approaches to Outdoor Thermal Comfort Thresholds through Public Space Design: A Review." Atmosphere 9, no. 3: 108.
Urban public space is extraordinarily adaptable under a pattern of relatively stable changes. However, when facing unprecedented and potentially extreme climatic changes, public spaces may not have the same adaptation capacity. In this context, planned adaptation gains strength against “business as usual”. While public spaces are among the most vulnerable areas to climatic hazards, they entail relevant characteristics for adaptation efforts. As such, public space design can lead to effective adaptation undertakings, explicitly influencing urban design practices as we know them. Amongst its different intrinsic roles and benefits, such as being a civic common gathering place of social and economic exchanges, public space may have found an enhanced protagonism under the climate change adaptation perspective. In light of the conducted empirical analysis, which gathered existing examples of public spaces with flood adaptation purposes, specific public space potentialities for the application of flood adaptation measures are here identified and characterized. Overall, this research questions the specific social potentiality of public space adaptation in the processes of vulnerability tackling, namely considering the need of alternatives in current flood management practices. Through literature review and case study analysis, it is here argued that: people and communities can be perceived as more than susceptible targets and rather be professed as active agents in the process of managing urban vulnerability; that climate change literacy, through the design of a public space, may endorse an increased common need for action and the pursuit of suitable solutions; and that local know-how and locally-driven design can be considered as a service with added value for adaptation endeavors.
Maria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. Urban Floods and Climate Change Adaptation: The Potential of Public Space Design When Accommodating Natural Processes. Water 2018, 10, 180 .
AMA StyleMaria Matos Silva, João Pedro Costa. Urban Floods and Climate Change Adaptation: The Potential of Public Space Design When Accommodating Natural Processes. Water. 2018; 10 (2):180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. 2018. "Urban Floods and Climate Change Adaptation: The Potential of Public Space Design When Accommodating Natural Processes." Water 10, no. 2: 180.
A Santos Nouri; António Lopes; João Pedro Costa; A. Matzarakis. Confronting potential future augmentations of the physiologically equivalent temperature through public space design: The case of Rossio, Lisbon. Sustainable Cities and Society 2018, 37, 7 -25.
AMA StyleA Santos Nouri, António Lopes, João Pedro Costa, A. Matzarakis. Confronting potential future augmentations of the physiologically equivalent temperature through public space design: The case of Rossio, Lisbon. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2018; 37 ():7-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Santos Nouri; António Lopes; João Pedro Costa; A. Matzarakis. 2018. "Confronting potential future augmentations of the physiologically equivalent temperature through public space design: The case of Rossio, Lisbon." Sustainable Cities and Society 37, no. : 7-25.
A. Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa; A. Matzarakis. Examining default urban-aspect-ratios and sky-view-factors to identify priorities for thermal-sensitive public space design in hot-summer Mediterranean climates: The Lisbon case. Building and Environment 2017, 126, 442 -456.
AMA StyleA. Santos Nouri, João Pedro Costa, A. Matzarakis. Examining default urban-aspect-ratios and sky-view-factors to identify priorities for thermal-sensitive public space design in hot-summer Mediterranean climates: The Lisbon case. Building and Environment. 2017; 126 ():442-456.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa; A. Matzarakis. 2017. "Examining default urban-aspect-ratios and sky-view-factors to identify priorities for thermal-sensitive public space design in hot-summer Mediterranean climates: The Lisbon case." Building and Environment 126, no. : 442-456.
A. Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa. Addressing thermophysiological thresholds and psychological aspects during hot and dry mediterranean summers through public space design: The case of Rossio. Building and Environment 2017, 118, 67 -90.
AMA StyleA. Santos Nouri, João Pedro Costa. Addressing thermophysiological thresholds and psychological aspects during hot and dry mediterranean summers through public space design: The case of Rossio. Building and Environment. 2017; 118 ():67-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa. 2017. "Addressing thermophysiological thresholds and psychological aspects during hot and dry mediterranean summers through public space design: The case of Rossio." Building and Environment 118, no. : 67-90.
A “Conceptual Framework of flood adaptation measures applicable in the design of public spaces” was previously created with the objective of increasing the rate of successful flood adaptation endeavors, fulfill municipal goals for more adaptive cities and facilitate the initial brainstorming phases of a public space design process. This research aims to assess the relevance and applicability of this Conceptual Framework on the particular municipal context of Lisbon. The paper starts by demonstrating the city’s existing vulnerabilities and projected climate change scenarios, where it is possible to confirm that floods are indeed a recurrent phenomenon that will aggravate in the near and distant future. Subsequently, municipal endeavors up to the present time are analyzed with the purpose of assessing if the Conceptual Framework provides additional types of flood adaptation measures that may be considered. In a final stage, additional types of adaptation measures highlighted by the Conceptual Framework are assessed with regard to their application and infrastructural relevance. In light of the presented results, which confirm the infrastructural benefits of the additional measures proposed, new discussions emerge specifically regarding Lisbon’s municipal flood adaptation management and its relation with public space design.
Maria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. Urban Flood Adaptation through Public Space Retrofits: The Case of Lisbon (Portugal). Sustainability 2017, 9, 816 .
AMA StyleMaria Matos Silva, João Pedro Costa. Urban Flood Adaptation through Public Space Retrofits: The Case of Lisbon (Portugal). Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):816.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. 2017. "Urban Flood Adaptation through Public Space Retrofits: The Case of Lisbon (Portugal)." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 816.
Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page.Excerpt The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper
Maria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. Erratum: Matos Silva, M.; Costa, J. Flood Adaptation Measures Applicable in the Design of Urban Public Spaces: Proposal for a Conceptual Framework. Water 2016, 8, 284. Water 2017, 9, 243 .
AMA StyleMaria Matos Silva, João Pedro Costa. Erratum: Matos Silva, M.; Costa, J. Flood Adaptation Measures Applicable in the Design of Urban Public Spaces: Proposal for a Conceptual Framework. Water 2016, 8, 284. Water. 2017; 9 (4):243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. 2017. "Erratum: Matos Silva, M.; Costa, J. Flood Adaptation Measures Applicable in the Design of Urban Public Spaces: Proposal for a Conceptual Framework. Water 2016, 8, 284." Water 9, no. 4: 243.
Today, although most of the international research community considers climate change adaptation to be essential, there is limited knowledge on its concrete integration with contemporary placemaking. Yet, with the emergence of the adaptation agenda, the effects of urban climatology are continually coercing the need for concrete action to increase the climatic responsiveness of urban environments. This article is constructed upon a “Research for Design” approach, and focuses upon improving urban design guidelines by reviewing existing theoretical/empirical research on how pedestrian comfort levels can be addressed through public space design. The objective is to incorporate such qualitative and quantitative interrogations into a generic tool such as the “Place Diagram” by the PPS. A total of six intangible criteria, and six measurable attributes, are explored and structured in order to introduce new generic design considerations which can contribute to the responsiveness of urban outdoor spaces in an era of expected climate variability.
A. Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa. Placemaking and climate change adaptation: new qualitative and quantitative considerations for the “Place Diagram”. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 2016, 10, 356 -382.
AMA StyleA. Santos Nouri, João Pedro Costa. Placemaking and climate change adaptation: new qualitative and quantitative considerations for the “Place Diagram”. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability. 2016; 10 (3):356-382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Santos Nouri; João Pedro Costa. 2016. "Placemaking and climate change adaptation: new qualitative and quantitative considerations for the “Place Diagram”." Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 10, no. 3: 356-382.
Assuming the importance of public space design in the implementation of effective adaptation action towards urban flooding, this paper identifies and systematizes a wide range of flood adaptation measures pertinent to the design of public spaces. It presents findings from both a systematic literature review and an empirical analysis retrieved from concrete public space design precedents. It concludes with the presentation of a conceptual framework that organizes the identified measures in accordance to their main, and secondary, infrastructural strategies. The intention behind the disclosed framework is to aid a multitude of professionals during the initial exploratory phases of public space projects that incorporate flooding adaptation capacities.
Maria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. Flood Adaptation Measures Applicable in the Design of Urban Public Spaces: Proposal for a Conceptual Framework. Water 2016, 8, 284 .
AMA StyleMaria Matos Silva, João Pedro Costa. Flood Adaptation Measures Applicable in the Design of Urban Public Spaces: Proposal for a Conceptual Framework. Water. 2016; 8 (7):284.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Matos Silva; João Pedro Costa. 2016. "Flood Adaptation Measures Applicable in the Design of Urban Public Spaces: Proposal for a Conceptual Framework." Water 8, no. 7: 284.
Divided by interdisciplinary realms of application, both climate change and urbanism are ultimately bound together by cause-and-effect in our ever mutable cities. Although suggested that cities are changing faster than Mankind have been able to adjust out thinking, the yearly dissemination scientific data on climatic change is continually improving the efficiency of urbanism to tackle new looming paradigms. Respectively, it is considered that urbanism encounters its greatest opportunities in this uncertain ‘third modernity’, where flexible approaches such as ‘what if?’ scenarios allow urbanism to continuously uphold the ever evolving identity and continuum within eventful horizons. This collaboration between these two interrelating realms of contemporary practice is currently being applied upon the case of Lisbon, where regional and local climate change scenarios are assessed in terms of their potential territorial impacts. This originated the opportunity to evaluate how the city components and functioning within its waterfronts shall be affected by climate change. Resultantly, and embedded within its niche, urbanism presents a new creative laboratory where flexible and innovative urban adaptation strategies can be developed to counter-act the impending impacts upon Lisbon within the XXI century.
João Pedro Costa; João Figueira De Sousa; Maria Matos Silva; Andre Santos Nouri. Climate change adaptation and urbanism: A developing agenda for Lisbon within the twenty-first century. URBAN DESIGN International 2013, 19, 77 -91.
AMA StyleJoão Pedro Costa, João Figueira De Sousa, Maria Matos Silva, Andre Santos Nouri. Climate change adaptation and urbanism: A developing agenda for Lisbon within the twenty-first century. URBAN DESIGN International. 2013; 19 (1):77-91.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoão Pedro Costa; João Figueira De Sousa; Maria Matos Silva; Andre Santos Nouri. 2013. "Climate change adaptation and urbanism: A developing agenda for Lisbon within the twenty-first century." URBAN DESIGN International 19, no. 1: 77-91.
Cities, as complex systems, present different urban patterns and spatial dynamics with diverse and multiple characteristics. Urban systems change and reorganise according to the diverse outcomes of economic globalisation, based primarily on population data, but with secondary reference to trends in economic growth and restructuring, and to the various roles played by governments in shaping the urbanisation process (Bourne 1995). Thus, economic growth and restructuring resulting from globalisation creates certain population dynamics and mobility patterns that influence the reorganisation of urban spaces (drivers of the economic globalisation are discussed in detail in Chap. 5 for the case study areas introduced in this book). The reorganisation of urban space, which is strongly influenced by the adaptation strategies of cities to global processes and endogenous capacities, takes various forms. This chapter intends to explore these spatial forms and dynamics and their implications on the resilience of cities. It is argued in Chap. 1 that certain spatial patterns may provide capacity to the system to absorb disturbances and reorganise itself. In this chapter, in order to understand the extent of the spatial dynamics to address social and spatial challenges, both the inner city and peri-urbanised areas, first of all, these spatial dynamics are identified, and secondly, their relation to the attributes of resilience is clarified. In this respect this chapter aims to provide an umbrella conceptual framework for the relationship between spatial change and resilience.
Sara Santos Cruz; João Pedro T. A. Costa; Silvia Ávila De Sousa; Paulo Pinho. Urban Resilience and Spatial Dynamics. The GeoJournal Library 2012, 53 -69.
AMA StyleSara Santos Cruz, João Pedro T. A. Costa, Silvia Ávila De Sousa, Paulo Pinho. Urban Resilience and Spatial Dynamics. The GeoJournal Library. 2012; ():53-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSara Santos Cruz; João Pedro T. A. Costa; Silvia Ávila De Sousa; Paulo Pinho. 2012. "Urban Resilience and Spatial Dynamics." The GeoJournal Library , no. : 53-69.