The following paper explores the development of a statistically based index evaluating digitalization processes to assess the digital divide between the regions of Kazakhstan: resource-based (oil and gas) regions and regions where the service sector dominates the GRP. As a method for forming such an indicator, the authors suggest using factor analysis, which reduces the dimension of factors while maintaining the reasoning behind a significant part of the data variability. This approach is preferable because the index is formed on the basis of statistically objective estimates rather than that of subjective expert opinion. The results of the factor analysis were interpreted as the following two qualitatively different subindices that formed the final Economy and Society Digitalization Index, namely, for resource-based (oil and gas) regions: subindex of digital consumption by households and subindex of digital consumption by organizations; for service-dominated regions: subindex of digital consumption by households and organizations, and subindex of digitalization of labor management processes. The combined values of the calculated subindices allowed us to conclude that the introduction of information and communication technologies into the consumer environment is greater than into the activities of economic entities. Open innovations are revealed to create additional opportunities for obtaining new knowledge and additional tools and ideas that can lead to bridging the digital divide in the regions of Kazakhstan. The analysis of descriptive statistics of these values allowed us to draw a number of conclusions available that can be used to form regional digital policy. First, the regional population shows a fairly homogeneous high level of consumption of telecommunications services, which indicates their availability. Second, the majority of economic entities throughout the country have successfully passed the first stage of digitalization, which consists in the use of Internet technologies; although, not all of them are characterized by a trend toward the digitalization of business processes. Thirdly, for most organizations, the digital development of human capital still remains an important task. Further statistical research of regional differentiation of the values of the proposed digital development indicator will allow a deeper understanding of the reasons for the digital divide in Kazakhstan.

This article investigates the key drivers and barriers to the adoption of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles in Kazakhstan. By conducting a thematic analysis of relevant documents, frameworks, and case studies, the study evaluates the current state of ESG practices in Kazakhstan and compares them with international standards set by S&P Global, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). The findings highlight significant progress in regulatory support and investor demand but also identify critical challenges such as the lack of comprehensive ESG reporting standards, limited expertise, and infrastructure constraints. To address these issues, the article proposes a strategic framework that includes the development of a Unified ESG Reporting Standard, enhancement of corporate governance structures, investment in ESG infrastructure, and leveraging of market incentives. The proposed framework aims to align Kazakhstan's ESG practices with global standards, thereby enhancing its attractiveness to sustainable investment and improving its global standing in responsible business practices. Additionally, the article identifies gaps between Kazakhstan's ESG practices and international standards and offers targeted solutions to bridge these gaps, contributing to the country's sustainable development goals and attracting increased international investment.

Многофакторная модель эмпирического анализа инновационного развития регионов Казахстана

In the face of growing climate challenges and global economic changes, Kazakhstan is actively changing its economy in accordance with international standards of sustainable development. The article discusses the main directions of the transition to a «green» economy, including renewable energy sources, environmentally friendly technologies, the development of sustainable agriculture and improved water management. As part of the analysis, attention was paid to the role of ESG in modernizing the economy of Kazakhstan, increasing business social responsibility and improving environmental standards. The study showed that the transition to a «green» economy requires not only technological changes, but also a reorganization of corporate governance and public policy. The article emphasizes the importance of joint efforts of the state, business and society to achieve sustainable development of the country based on the principles of ESG.