Compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) have increased significantly and caused agricultural losses and adverse impacts on human health. It is thus critical to investigate changes in CDHEs and population exposure in responding to climate change. Based on the simulations of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), future changes in CDHEs and population exposure are estimated under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios (SSPs) at first. And then the driving forces behind these changes are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the occurrence of CDHEs is expected to increase by larger magnitudes by the end of the 21st century (the 2080s) than that by the mid‐21st century (2050s). Correspondingly, population exposure to CDHEs is expected to increase significantly responding to higher global warming (SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5) but is limited to a relatively low level under the modest emission scenarios (SSP1‐2.6). Globally, compared to 1985–2014, the exposure is expected to increase by 8.5 and 7.7 times under SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios by the 2080s, respectively. Regionally, Sahara has the largest increase in population exposure to CDHEs, followed by the Mediterranean, Northeast America, Central America, Africa, and Central Asia. The contribution of climate change to the increase of exposure is about 75% by the 2080s under the SSP5‐8.5 scenarios, while that of population change is much lower. The conclusion highlights the importance and urgency of implementing mitigation strategies to alleviate the influence of CDHEs on human society.

Extreme precipitation events usually lead to economic, agricultural, and social losses globally. The bias of different global circulation models (GCMs) is a major challenge in the projection of extreme precipitation in different climate regions. Revealing the extreme precipitation bias of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) GCMs is helpful for providing a reference for predicting extreme precipitation and understanding the performance of CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6) GCMs. Eight extreme precipitation indices were used to describe extreme precipitation based on daily precipitation data retrieved from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and 19 CMIP6 GCMs. Six evaluation metrics were adopted to assess the ability of the CMIP6-determined daily precipitation to describe extreme precipitation. The results showed that half of the GCMs overestimated extreme precipitation in the Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, and Central Asia, and underestimated extreme precipitation in northern North America and northern Asia. In general, the multimodel ensemble (MME) achieved a greater performance in simulating extreme precipitation than did the individual CMIP6 GCMs in the different climate regions. The bias of extreme precipitation based on the considered CMIP6 GCMs was relatively small in tropical regions, especially in equatorial regions. In the future, extreme precipitation will increase, especially under high emission scenarios (i.e., SSP5-8.5). Global extreme precipitation will notably increase in cold and polar climate regions. Our results could improve the understanding of precipitation simulations, and they are very important for providing reliable future global extreme precipitation predictions.

Global warming has intensified the intensity of compound drought‐hot extremes (CDHEs), posing more severe impacts on human societies and ecosystems than individual extremes. The vulnerability of global terrestrial ecosystems under CDHEs, along with its key influencing factors, remains poorly understood. Based on multiple remote sensing data, we construct a Vine Copula model to appraise vegetation vulnerability under CDHEs, and attribute it to climatic and biotic factors for five different vegetation types. High vulnerability is detected in central and southern regions of North America, eastern and southern regions of South America, Southern Africa, northern and western Europe, and northern and eastern Australia. The drier the climate, the higher will be the vulnerability. Furthermore, biodiversity and biomass are key biotic factors influencing the vulnerability of various vegetation types, such that ecosystems with richer biodiversity and higher biomass have lower vulnerability to CDHEs. The findings deepen understanding of terrestrial ecosystem response to CDHEs.