Bu çalışmada T. absoluta 'nın iki populasyonunun (Aydın ve Urla) en çok kullanılan 5 insektisite karşı (indoxacarb, spinosad, azadirachtin, chlorantraniliprol ve metaflumizon) direnç durumları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca detoksifikasyon enzimlerinin [glutation-S-transferaz (GST) ve esteraz (EST)] aktiviteleri de direnci doğrulamak için saptanmıştır. T.absoluta Aydın populasyonunun azadirachtin hariç diğer insektisitlere karşı (Urla populasyonuna göre) sırasıyla indoxacarb, metaflumizon, spinosad ve chlorantaraniliprol'e karşı 8, 3.79, 6.4 ve 1.84 kat direnç geliştirdiği gözlenmiştir. Aydın populasyonu ile karşılaştırıldığında Urla populasyonunun azadirachtin hariç diğer insektisitlere karşı daha duyarlı olabileceği saptanmıştır. GST enzim aktivitesi Urla populasyonuna göre Aydın populasyonunda 1.5-kat fazla iken, EST enzimi için her iki populasyonda benzer sonuçlar bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın sonuçları, Aydın (Türkiye)'dan alınan bir T. absoluta populasyonunun indoxacarb, metaflumizon, spinosad ve chlorantraniliprol'e karşı dirençli olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Dirençli populasyondaki artan GST enzim aktivitesi, bu direnç gelişimini doğrulamaktadır. En az insektisit direnci rapor edilmiş olan bitkisel kaynaklı insektisit azadirachtin diğer metodlarla birlikte bu zararlının etkili bir şekilde kontrol edilmesinde uygulanabilir.

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a generalist pest that causes serious injury to a variety of crops around the world. After the first detection in the USA, H. halys became a serious threat to growers resulting in significant crop damage. Understanding the effect of temperature on H. halys development will help to achieve successful control by predicting the phenological timing of the pest. Here, life table parameters (survival, development, reproduction, and daily mortality) of H. halys were evaluated for New Jersey and Oregon populations in the US. Parameters were determined from field-collected and laboratory-reared individuals. The results indicated that New Jersey populations had higher levels of egg-laying than Oregon populations and exhibited higher and earlier fecundity peaks. Survival levels were similar between populations. Linear and nonlinear fit were used to estimate the minimum (14.3 °C), optimal (27.8 °C), and maximum (35.9 °C) temperatures where development of H. halys can take place. An age-specific fecundity peak (M_x = 36.63) was recorded at 936 degree days for New Jersey populations, while maximum fecundity (M_x = 11.85) occurred at 1145 degree days in Oregon. No oviposition was recorded at the lowest (15 °C) or highest (35 °C) trialed temperatures. Developmental periods increased at temperatures above 30 °C, indicating that such higher temperatures are suboptimal for H. halys development. Altogether the most optimal temperatures for population increase (r_m) ranged from 25 to 30 °C. Survival rates of H. halys at suboptimal low temperatures of 8 °C (i.e., 61%) is comparable to previous reports. The present paper provides additional data and context from a range of experimental conditions and populations. Such temperature-related H. halys life table parameters can be used to provide determine the risk to susceptible crops.

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) has been extensively used to control malaria during World War II as well as the other agricultural pests. DDT persists in the environment and accumulates in many living organisms. Also, the degradation products of DDT, which have also a similar chemical structure, could pose the same risk to the environment and human health. Measuring DDT and its degradation products in the environment could be challenging and costs money and time. Thus, modeling is an alternative method used by researchers to estimate the environmental relevant levels of the contaminants. The present study estimates the uptake levels of DDT and its degradation products i.e. o,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDE by crop-specific models (e.g. root, potato, leafy vegetables, cereal, fruit-tree models) in the root, potato, leaves, fruit, cereal, and water compartments by using the known environmental concentrations of DDT and its degradation products (µg kg⁻¹) in soil sampled from Soke, Aydin. According to the crop-specific model results, predicted accumulation levels of DDT and its degradation products were found mainly in leafy vegetables, roots, cereals, and potato. The highest concentration levels were found in leafy vegetables in soil, followed by root, cereals, and potato respectively; however, leaves, fruits, and water had a low amount of accumulation of DDT and its degradation products. Further models are needed to evaluate risk assessment of the environmental compounds to human health and the environment.

Spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of thin-skinned fruits in the United States. Monitoring traps are an integral part of SWD integrated pest management, allowing early detection and timely management of this pest. An ideal monitoring trap should be easy to use, effective in capturing SWD, sensitive and selective to male SWD which are easy to identify due to their spotted wings, and able to predict fruit infestation from trap captures. Deli-cup-based liquid traps (grower standard), which make in-situ observations difficult, were compared with red-panel sticky traps, both baited with commercial lures (Scentry, Trécé Broad-Spectrum (BS), and Trécé High-Specificity (HS)), across several US states in blueberries (lowbush and highbush), blackberry, raspberry, and cherry crops during 2018 and 2021. Results showed that red-panel traps effectively captured SWD, were able to detect male SWD early in the season while also being selective to male SWD all season-long, and in some cases linearly related male SWD trap captures with fruit infestation. Scentry and Trécé BS lures captured similar numbers of SWD, though Trécé BS and Trécé HS were more selective for male SWD in red panel traps than liquid traps in some cases. In conclusion, due to its ease of use with less processing time, red-panel traps are promising tools for detecting and identifying male SWD in-situ and for predicting fruit infestation. However, further research is needed to refine the trap captures and fruit infestation relationship and elucidate the trap-lure interactions in berry and cherry crops.