This article is devoted to the study of the improved neighbor mean interpolation (INMI) steganographic method. To date, no steganalysis of such a method of information embedding has been carried out. We implemented the INMI method of embedding messages in raster files and conducted a stegoanalysis on a set of 800 images of 225 × 225 size. Experimentally, we found that with this embedding method, the maximum container capacity is 21% and that it depends on the contents of the container. It is established that only 60 files out of 800 actually have the maximum capacity. We presented the calculation of the Type I error and the percentage of information detection in the obtained containers by the regular–singular (RS) method. The results showed that the considered steganographic algorithm is resistant to RS steganalysis and is comparable to the stegosystem of the permutation method investigated in one of our previous articles.

The rapid digitalisation of the medical field has heightened concerns over protecting patients’ personal information during the transmission of medical images. This study introduces a method for securely transmitting X-ray images that contain embedded patient data. The proposed steganographic approach ensures that the original image remains intact while the embedded data is securely hidden, a critical requirement in medical contexts. To guarantee reversibility, the Interpolation Near Pixels method was utilised, recognised as one of the most effective techniques within reversible data hiding (RDH) frameworks. Additionally, the method integrates a statistical property preservation technique, enhancing the scheme’s alignment with ideal steganographic characteristics. Specifically, the “forest fire” algorithm partitions the image into interconnected regions, where statistical analyses of low-order bits are performed, followed by arithmetic decoding to achieve a desired distribution. This process successfully maintains the original statistical features of the image. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated through stegoanalysis on real-world medical images from previous studies. The results revealed high robustness, with minimal distortion of stegocontainers, as evidenced by high PSNR values ranging between 52 and 81 dB.

The basic concepts in the field of software quality testing and evaluation are defined. In particular, the concepts of verification, validation and software lifecycle and their role in the testing process are considered. The concept of an artifact in the software lifecycle is considered. The Russian and international standards in the field of software quality assessment are taken into account. The existing methods of software verification are regarded: expertise, static analysis, formal methods, dynamic and synthetic methods.An overview of software quality assessment methods used in software development and testing cycles is presented. Functional and administrative factors affecting software quality are also considered. The article lists modern testing automation tools that can be used today. The review material of the article will be useful for software developers, novice testers and related specialists.

Support for the development of projects at the level of inventions obtained by resolving technical contradictions in technical systems is limited to disconnected clusters of engineering space and has no unity. The high level of technical solutions found, capable of bringing the basic technical system closer to perfection, did not receive information support at the stage of transition from a conceptual solution to the use of CAD technologies, for some reason. As a result of the work carried out by the authors, the boundaries of the unformalized area between clusters are determined and a model of its filling is constructed, the task of which is to restore the data deficit responsible for the output parameters of the technical system. One of the variants of such models of pre-project research in the engineering space characterized by a significant reduction in the number of parameters of the technical system responsible for achieving output indicators and requirements of CALS technologies is proposed. The scope of the model implementation within the framework of a human-machine interface using data of distinctive features and their parameters distributed in the operational area of a technical system with a pronounced technical difference is proposed.

The article is devoted to the introduction of digital watermarks, which formthe basis for copyright protection systems. Methods in this area are aimed at embedding hidden markers that are resistant to various container transformations. This paper proposes a method for embedding a digital watermark into bitmap images using Lagrange interpolation and the Bezier curve formula for five points, called Lagrange interpolation along the Bezier curve 5 (LIBC5). As a means of steganalysis, the RS method was used, which uses a sensitive method of double statistics obtained on the basis of spatial correlations in images. The output value of the RS analysis is the estimated length of the message in the image under study. The stability of the developed LIBC5 method to the detection of message transmission by the RS method has been experimentally determined. The developed method proved to be resistant to RS analysis. A study of the LIBC5 method showed an improvement in quilting resistance compared to that of the INMI image embedding method, which also uses Lagrange interpolation. Thus, the LIBC5 stegosystem can be successfully used to protect confidential data and copyrights.

The article is devoted to the actual direction – steganography of digital images using interpolation. The review of embedding messages methods in raster files is carried out, the steganographic method of embedding in bitmap images using Lagrange interpolation and the Bezier curve formula for five points is developed. In this paper, the protocol of the developed BCES stegosystem is considered in detail, special cases and limitations of the method are analyzed, the result of RS analysis is obtained showing the stability of the BSEC method.