Several freeze-drying and spray-drying methods were investigated in relation to the retention of immunoglobulins (Ig) A, IgG, and IgM. Spray drying produced human milk powders with 2% humidity and a good retention of IgG (>88%) and IgM (∼70%). However, only 38% of IgA remained after spray drying. For freeze drying, only the highest heating plate temperature used in this study (40°C) brought IgA content down to 55% in powder with 1.75% residual humidity, whereas milk samples undergoing lower temperatures had higher preservation rates (75% for IgA and 80% for IgG and IgM) and higher residual moisture contents. From these results, it can be concluded that IgA is the most sensitive Ig lost during drying processing of human milk. The best method to generate human milk powders without a significant loss of Ig was thus freeze drying at 30°C heating plate temperature, which accelerated the process compared to lower processing temperatures, but still had good overall Ig retention.

It has recently been shown that the administration of probiotics can modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and may have favorable effects in models of Parkinsons disease. In this study, we used a hemiparkinsonism model induced by the neurotoxin 6-OHDA to evaluate the efficacy of the administration of a four-week administration of a mixture containing the microorganisms Lactobacillus fermentum LH01, Lactobacillus reuteri LH03, and Lactobacillus plantarum LH05. The hemiparkinsonism model induced an increase in rotations in the apomorphine test, along with a decrease in the latency time to fall in the rotarod test on days 14 and 21 after surgery, respectively. The administration of probiotics was sufficient to improve this condition. The model also showed a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum and the number of labeled cells in the substantia nigra, both of which were counteracted by the administration of probiotics. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was increased in the model, but this effect was reversed by the probiotics for both brain regions. The gut barrier was permeated with the model, and this effect was reversed and dropped to lower levels than the control group after the administration of probiotics. Finally, lipid peroxidation showed a pattern of differences similar to that of permeabilities. The inhibition of the permeability of the blood-brain and gut barriers mediated by the administration of probiotics will likely provide protection by downregulating oxidative stress, thus affecting the rotarod test performance.

Cheeses are perishable foods that must fulfill sanitary and quality requirements according to the parameters established globally. Plasma as a nonthermal inactivation technique has been a current research topic for food preservation, so the objective of this work was to study the effect of plasma energy against microorganisms in Adobera cheese (traditional Mexican cheese) as well as evaluate the possible degradation of lipids and protein. 108CFU/mL of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella ATCC13076, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 were inoculated at 0.5g of Adobera cheese and were subjected to an energy of 30 volts, in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBDR) at intervals of times 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15min. A flow of a mixture of air and helium at 96 purity was used. The decimal reduction time (D) was determined, and the oxidation of proteins and lipids was analyzed after each treatment. The results showed an annihilating effect of plasma on the indicator bacteria under study, and a reduction of 5 logarithmic cycles was obtained. The maximum degree of lipid oxidation was 23 acid degree values (ADV) after 7min of exposure to plasma. The oxidation of proteins showed a direct and proportional relationship between the formation of carbonyl groups with the percentage significant loss to the concentration of carbonyl groups with the concentration of protein oxidation, after 3min of exposure to cold plasma levels of 82 and 99 oxidation of Adobera cheese protein and free casein, respectively. We conclude that the plasma energy applied to Adobera cheese is an effective treatment to inactivate bacteria. However, there is the possibility of causing changes in taste and odor, due to the release of fatty acids and the oxidation of proteins.

The human milk microbiota (HMM) of healthy women can vary substantially, as demonstrated by recent advances in DNA sequencing technology. However, the method used to extract genomic DNA (gDNA) from these samples may impact the observed variations and potentially bias the microbiological reconstruction. Therefore, it is important to use a DNA extraction method that is able to effectively isolate gDNA from a diverse range of microorganisms. In this study, we improved and compared a DNA extraction method for gDNA isolation from human milk (HM) samples to commercial and standard protocols. We evaluated the extracted gDNA using spectrophotometric measurements, gel electrophoresis, and PCR amplifications to assess its quantity, quality, and amplifiability. Additionally, we tested the improved method’s ability to isolate amplifiable gDNA from fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to validate its potential for reconstructing microbiological profiles. The improved DNA extraction method resulted in a higher quality and quantity of the extracted gDNA compared to the commercial and standard protocols and allowed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the V3–V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal gene in all the samples and the ITS-1 region of the fungal 18S ribosomal gene in 95% of the samples. These results suggest that the improved DNA extraction method demonstrates better performance for gDNA extraction from complex samples such as HM.

Introducción. Este estudio analiza el efecto sobre el contenido de inmunoglobulinas y complemento C3 de la liofilización posterior a la pasteurización por tres métodos diferentes en leche humana madura (LHM). Objetivo. La liofilización es propuesta como método complementario para el mantenimiento de las propiedades terapéuticas de la LHM con mayor vigencia.Métodos. Estudio descriptivo en el que se obtuvieron muestras de LHM. Alícuotas de las muestras obtenidas se pasteurizaron por tres métodos: 62,5°C/30 minutos, 72°C/15 minutos 85°C/5 minutos, seguido de un enfriamiento rápido a 5°C. Después, volúmenes de 30 mL de muestra pasteurizada fueron liofilizados durante un periodo de 36 horas. La determinación de proteínas totales fue realizada por el método Lowry. Las concentraciones de inmunoglobulinas A, G y M, y el complemento C3, fueron determinadas por nefelometría convencional, siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. La significancia estadística se definió como P <0,05.Resultados. El método de pasteurización de LHM con mayor retención de proteína e inmunoglobulinas fue a la temperatura de 62,5°C, sin embargo, la pasteurización a 72°C antes de la liofilización mostro mayor retención de inmunoglobulinas.Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la liofilización de LHM pasteurizada es un método eficiente para la conservación en bancos de leche humana. Tanto la composición nutricional como la extensión de su vida útil, la aplicación de los dos procesos juntos proporcionan la ventaja de mantener las propiedades terapéuticas de la leche humana para mejorar la salud del recién nacido en estado vulnerable, desmedro o inmunosuprimido.

Skin wounds, due to their high vulnerability to infections, represent a significant public health issue. These wounds are not only disabling but also entail costly treatments and slow recovery. Consequently, it is crucial to implement new treatments based on bioactive and natural antimicrobial compounds utilizing fibers, polymers, hydrocolloids, and hydrogels to control potential infections and promote wound healing. This study aimed to develop a biocomposite with antimicrobial activity for the treatment of skin wounds, using sodium alginate, bamboo fiber, and a natural antimicrobial as ingredients. The physico-mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, moisture absorption, and water vapor permeability) and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus hominis were determined. The results demonstrated that the designed biocomposite possesses adequate physico-mechanical properties, such as flexibility, strength, and water absorption capacity, in addition to exhibiting antibacterial activity, making it suitable to be used as a dressing in wound treatment.