Bronx Seedless and Italia (Vitis vinifera L.) are a variety preferred by consumers owing to their exciting flavour and widely cultivated in Aegean Region in Turkey. The aim was to identify the biogenic amines of these table grapes during berry ripeness. The biogenic amines were analyzed by HPLC in six different berry phenological stages. Italia grapes presented lower biogenic amine content than Bronx Seedless table grapes. The concentration of most of the biogenic amines analyzed linearly raised from the beginning of berry touch to when berries ripen for harvest stages. The most common biogenic amines in grape varieties were putrescine, followed by histamine, agmatine, and tyramine. There was also a positive correlation between all biogenic amines of the two grape varieties. The weakest correlation was found between spermine and cadaverine, whereas the strongest correlation was found among dopamine, trimethylamine, norepinephrine, tyramine, and histamine amines. The present study is the first report of a synthesis study regarding the effect of B.A.s on quality characteristics throughout berry ripeness in grape varieties containing foxy and muscat tastes. The concentration and composition of biogenic amines identified for both varieties might provide helpful information regarding human health and the vintage.

Background: Gray mold, attributed to Botrytis cinerea, poses a substantial threat to food security in fruit-growing regions impacted by global climate change. Addressing this disease requires the utilization of either resilient plant varieties or advanced technological interventions. In this study, the research focused on examining the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by synthetic essential oils, namely thymol, eugenol, 1,8-cineol, and their combination, as potential biological fumigants against B. cinerea on Golden Delicious apples. Results: In this study, a total of 53 compounds were identified and categorized into six distinct classes, which included (1) terpenes, (2) esters, (3) C6 compounds, (4) alcohols, (5) acids, and (6) aldehydes. The results we obtained revealed significant variations in the volatile compounds present in apples after harvest when treated with different essential oils to combat B. cinerea. Among the VOCs found in the fruits, the most abundant ones were pentanal, nerol, and ethyl octanoate. The essential oil combination of thymol, eugenol, and 1,8-cineol (Thy + Eug + Fun) had the most significant impact on the volatile compound content in the fruits. Conversely, both B. cinerea and the essential oils were observed to increase the volatile organic compound content in the fruits after harvest. Conclusion: The findings from this study underscore the significance of essential oils as effective biological fumigants for countering Botrytis cinerea on apples. Furthermore, the study suggests that these essential oils have the potential to influence the composition of volatile organic compounds in postharvest apples. This research offers valuable insights into the intricate interplay between volatile organic compounds and essential oils in apples, emphasizing the critical role of essential oils in preserving fruit quality during the post-harvest period. Graphical

This study investigated the effects of essential oils thymol, eugenol, and 1,8-cineol for the prevention of losses caused by gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Persoon) in grapevine (Vitis vinifera Linné, cv. Karaerik) under in vitro and in vivo conditions. B. cinerea isolated from diseased grapevines was identified by 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The effects of 2.5, 5, and 10 µL doses of essential oils (EO) on mycelial growth, germ tube elongation, and spore germination were investigated in vitro, and the lesion formation on the leaves was examined in vivo. Compared to the control, both thymol and eugenol suppressed mycelial growth, depending on the dose increase, and caused 100% inhibition at the 10 µL dose, whereas 1,8-cineole had no effect on the same parameter at either dose. Germ tube elongation was 100% inhibited by 5 and 10 µL doses of thymol and eugenol, while the same doses of 1,8-cineole inhibited it by 49% and 85%, respectively. Conidiospore germination was inhibited by 22, 45, and 72% at 2.5, 5, and 10 µL doses of thymol, respectively. Under in vivo conditions, the three EOs inhibited lesion formation on leaves, depending on the concentration increase, and inhibition ended with 100% at their 100 µL dose. In addition, thymol was found to be the most effective EO under in vivo conditions. Our results show that these EOs, which are of biological origin and non-toxic to environmental health, have the potential to be used in the control of gray mold.

Background: The exploration of EOs and their impact on primary metabolites in agricultural products, such as grapes, holds significant importance in the post-harvest preservation and enhancement of berry quality. Therefore, our research aimed to dissect the effects of various EO treatments on the biochemical composition of grapes, specifically examining alterations in sugar, organic acid, and amino acid levels. Results: Our findings highlighted that the OF treatment, a combination of Eugenol and Botrytis cinerea, significantly escalated sugar content, with remarkable increases in sucrose, glucose, and fructose compared to the control group. The SF treatment led to the highest levels of certain organic acids, including tartaric, butyric, and malonic acids, whereas the TO treatment prominently augmented amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine. Utilizing PCA, our study effectively captured the variability within the treatment dataset, revealing distinct clusters of treatments and their correlations with specific metabolites. The PCA biplot underscored the influence of treatments on metabolic profile of grape berries, with treatments like OSF, TO, and TOSF demonstrating close associations with specific amino acids, suggesting positive correlations. Conclusion: Our current results indicate that EOs substantial influence on the metabolic profile of grapes, resulting in enhanced fruit quality and extended shelf life. Variations in sugar, organic acid, and amino acid levels among different EO treatments highlight their potential for improving post-harvest characteristics. To sum up, these findings are valuable for the agricultural and food industries, showcasing the utility of EOs as natural preservatives and enhancers in fruit cultivation and storage. Graphical

Bu çalışma “Golden Delicious” elma çeşidinde Kurşuni küfe (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) karşı koruyucu ve iyileştirici etkide uçucu yağların (UY) bireysel ve kombinasyonlarının besin elementlerinin içeriği üzerine ilişkilerini değerlendirmek amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Bu amaca yönelik çalışmada enfeksiyon öncesi (koruyucu etki) ve sonrası (iyileştirici etki) elma meyveleri kullanılarak timol, ögenol, 1,8-sineol UY’ların koruyucu ve iyileştirici özelliğinin besin elementleri içeriğine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Hasat edilen elmalar UY (tekli kombinasyonlarda 1.25 μL, ikili kombinasyonlarda 2.5 μL, üçlü kombinasyonlarda 3.75 μL) içeren çözeltilere batırılarak 30 dakika boyunca inkube edilip ±4°C'de 7 gün depolanmıştır. Daha sonra Kjeldahl yöntemi ve bir Vapodest Hızlı Kjeldahl Distilasyon Ünitesi kullanılarak makro ve mikro besin elementleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, B. cinerea’ya karşı UY uygulamalarının besin elementi içeriği üzerine olumlu etki yaparak meyve kalitesini koruduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uygulama yöntemlerinden iyileştirici etkinin koruyucu etkiye göre besin elementleri içeriğinin kontrol grubuna göre arttırmada daha etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca UY’ların bireysel ve kombinasyonalarının besin elementleri içeriğine etkileri incelendiğinde en fazla timol ve ögenol kombinasyonlarının oluşturduğu gruplarda içeriği en fazla arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Tüm besin elementleri içeriği değerlendirildiğinde ise, Na içeriğinin en yüksek olduğu buna karşın kükürttün diğer elementlerden daha düşük içeriğe sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak hasat sonrası meyvelerde B. cinerea’ya karşı UY uygulamasının makro ve mikro besin elementleri yönünden iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Elmalarda hasat sonrası kurşuni küfe karşı uçucu yağların sentetik fungusitlerin yerine alternatif olacağını ve gelecek açısından ümit verici olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.