The aim of this study was to monitor the volatile chemical composition from leaves and reproductive organs of Piper mollicomum Kunth (PM), in its reproduction period, as well as register inflorescence visitors, microclimate and phenological information. The essential oils (EOs) obtained from the different fresh organs by hydrodistillation were identified and quantified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and by GC coupled to a Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID), respectively. The cercentage content of some volatiles present in reproductive organs, such as limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool and eupatoriochromene, increased during the maturation period of the inflorescences, and decreased during the fruiting period, suggesting a defense/attraction activities. Furtermore, a biosynthetic dichotomy between 1,8-cineole (leaves) and linalool (reproductive organs) was recorded. A high frequency of bee visits was registered weekly, and some correlations showed a positive relationship between this variable and terpenes. Microclimate has an impact on this species’ phenological cycles and insect visiting behavior. All correlations between volatiles, insects, phenology and microclimate allowed us to present important data about the complex information network in PM. These results are extremely relevant for the understanding of the mechanisms of chemical–ecological plant–insect interactions in Piperaceae, a basal angiosperm.

This study investigated the chemical phenotypical variability of Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth (Piperaceae), a shrub found in Brazilian tropical forests, over time (different periods of the day and seasons) and under natural conditions. For this, essential oils (EOs) from the leaves were collected in different seasons and times of the day and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector. The indices were applied to evaluate the chemical diversity as well as the dynamics of redox of the mixtures. The results showed that the EOs were dominated by non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with β-elemene, E-caryophyllene, and α-zingiberene being the main compounds identified in all collections. Temporal and seasonal analyses revealed important fluctuations in the chemical composition, redox, and chemical diversity indices of the species. A correlation between climatic factors and the variation in redox and chemical diversity was observed, highlighting the chemical phenotypic plasticity P. lhotzkyanum. This study resolves a previously unanswered question by confirming that natural light does not produce interconversion of major compounds. The adaptation capacity of this species to the environmental changes suggests new cultivation strategies to maximize the quality of EO and promote a more sustainable future in partnership with nature.

Piper mollicomum Kunth (Piperaceae) plays a vital role in the preservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by contributing to the regeneration of deforested areas. Recent scientific investigations have analyzed the chemical constituents and seasonal dynamics of essential oils (EO) from various Piper L. species, highlighting the need to elucidate their chemical–ecological interactions. This study aims to expand the chemical–ecological knowledge of this important taxon in neotropical forests, using P. mollicomum as a model. The methodologies employed include the collection of plant material, EO extraction by hydrodistillation, analysis of EO by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID), recording the frequency of visits by potential pollinators and microclimatic variables, and by conducting calculations of chemodiversity and chemophenetic indices. Chemical analyses indicated that the diversity of EO and environmental factors are linked to the activities of potential pollinators. In the Tijuca Forest, P. mollicomum revealed significant interactions between its volatile constituents and microclimatic variables, showing that the chemodiversity of the leaves and reproductive organs correlates with pollinator visitation. Additionally, a notable difference in chemical evenness was observed between these vegetative structures. The chemophenetic indices by Ramos and Moreira also revealed correlations with chemical diversity.