Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) is a monopartite begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) discovered just a few decades ago. Since then, it has become a widely encountered virus, with reports from ca. 25 plant species across Pakistan and India, indicative of its notable evolutionary success. Viruses mutate at such a swift rate that their ecological and evolutionary behaviors are inextricably linked, and all of these behaviors are imprinted on their genomes as genetic diversity. So, all these imprints can be mapped by computational methods. This study was designed to map the sequence variation dynamics, genetic heterogeneity, regional diversity, phylogeny, and recombination events imprinted on the PeLCV genome. Phylogenetic and network analysis grouped the full-length genome sequences of 52 PeLCV isolates into 7 major clades, displaying some regional delineation but lacking host-specific demarcation. The progenitor of PeLCV was found to have originated in Multan, Pakistan, in 1977, from where it spread concurrently to India and various regions of Pakistan. A high proportion of recombination events, distributed unevenly throughout the genome and involving both inter- and intraspecies recombinants, were inferred. The findings of this study highlight that the PeLCV population is expanding under a high degree of genetic diversity (π = 0.073%), a high rate of mean nucleotide substitution (1.54 × 10⁻³), demographic selection, and a high rate of recombination. This sets PeLCV apart as a distinctive begomovirus among other begomoviruses. These factors could further exacerbate the PeLCV divergence and adaptation to new hosts. The insights of this study that pinpoint the emergence of PeLCV are outlined.

This study presents a novel computational approach for engineering nanobodies (Nbs) for improved interaction with receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Using Protein Structure Reliability reports, RBD (7VYR_R) was selected and refined for subsequent Nb-RBD interactions. By leveraging electrostatic complementarity (EC) analysis, we engineered and characterized five Electrostatically Complementary Nbs (ECSb1-ECSb5) based on the CeVICA library’s SR6c3 Nb. Through targeted modifications in the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) and framework regions (FR), we optimized electrostatic interactions to improve binding affinity and specificity. The engineered Nbs (ECSb3, ECSb4, and ECSb5) demonstrated high binding specificity for AS3, CA1, and CA2 epitopes. Interestingly, ECSb1 and ECSb2 selectively engaged with AS3 and CA1 instead of AS1 and AS2, respectively, due to a preference for residues that conferred superior binding complementarities. Furthermore, ECSbs significantly outperformed SR6c3 Nb in MM/GBSA results, notably, ECSb4 and ECSb3 exhibited superior binding free energies of −182.58 kcal.mol^-1 and −119.07 kcal.mol^-1, respectively, compared to SR6c3 (−105.50 kcal.mol^-1). ECSbs exhibited significantly higher thermostability (100.4–148.3 kcal·mol⁻¹) compared to SR6c3 (62.6 kcal·mol⁻¹). Similarly, enhanced electrostatic complementarity was also observed for ECSb4-RBD and ECSb3-RBD (0.305 and 0.390, respectively) relative to SR6c3-RBD (0.233). Surface analyses confirmed optimized electrostatic patches and reduced aggregation propensity in the engineered Nb. This integrated EC and structural engineering approach successfully developed engineered Nbs with enhanced binding specificity, increased thermostability, and reduced aggregation, laying the groundwork for novel therapeutic applications targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

Perkembangan teknologi saat ini sudah sangat pesat dan sangat maju. Setiap bidang pasti membutuhkan peran teknologi di dalamnya, seperti keuangan, kesehatan, keamanan dan juga pendidikan. Teknologi sangat dibutuhkan untuk menunjang pekerjaan agar lebih akurat dan tepat dalam penyelesaian. Salah satu teknologi yang sedang berkembang adalah Augmented Reality, Teknologi Augmented Reality adalah salah satu teknologi yang dapat menghasilkan gambar 2 dimensi menjadi 3 dimensi secara Real Time. Augmented Reality dapat diterapkan di berbagai bidang salah satunya adalah pendidikan khususnya untuk media pembelajaran yang inovatif bagi peserta didik agar pembelajaran peserta didik tidak terasa monoton. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ADDIE, tahapan dalam penelitian ini diawali dengan mengumpulkan data planet-planet yang akan dibuat sebagai model menggunakan software 3D Unity, selanjutnya merancangan aplikasi Augmented Reality berbasis android menggunakan software Unity dan membuat Analysis, Design, Development, Implement, Evaluate. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu Pengembangan teknologi Augmented Reality sebagai media dalam mengenal bentuk dan objek digital berbentuk 3 Dimensi, Memberikan informasi kepada peserta didik dalam mengetahui jenis dan nama Tata Surya atau Planet menggunakan Platform Android, Melakukan teknik pengumpulan data untuk mengetahui respon para peserta didik secara wawancara, angket dan observasi terhadap teknologi Augmented Reality pengenalan nama-nama Planet untuk media pembelajaran. Hasil dari uji yang dihitung menggunakan perhitungan System Usability Scale dari 15 responden penilaian yang diberikan untuk kelayakan media pembelajaran ini memperoleh nilai 4,6, dengan Acceptability Ranges didapat Acceptable, dan interpretasi dengan Grade Scale maka skor 4,6 masuk kedalam rating (A).

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are transitioning toward scalable biostimulants despite various challenges. This chapter redefines AMF production using soil-less, sterile pipelines that initiate with soil-free root organ culture (ROC: transformed roots used for soil-less contaminant-controlled propagation) and advance to low-shear, O₂-enriched bioreactors designed for process regulation and harvesting. In this study, recent advancements in encapsulation and stabilization, specifically alginate beads, film coating, and cryopreservation, are discussed to facilitate dosage precision, moisture regulation, extended shelf life, and traceability via master bank systems. A realistic standardized quality framework is proposed that assesses identity and purity, viability, and function through infective propagule (IP) bioassays. The soil free culture was synthesized on the transformed roots in the customized bioreactor that enabled the propagation of propagules under the aseptic conditions. This helps in improving productivity and standardizing quality. We also emphasized the cryopreservation and encapsulation strategies to explain the role of alginate and other biodegradable carriers in maintaining viability. It can ensure the storage and stability of strains for a longer duration. We discussed the principles of engineering of formulations along with molecular methods. We linked these components and design principles for AMF and mycorrhiza-helper-bacterial consortia. However, in the techno-economic analysis, some cost determinants were identified. We emphasized uniform measurements to ensure that the performance assertions are reproducible across various crops and locations. It is also discussed to enhance the role of beneficial microbes to be used as co-inoculants. It can increase their efficiency in field particularlry in the abiotic conditions. The result of this chapter suggests bridging the gap in the lbal research and economical field formulations.