Fires modify the structure of vegetation communities, the carbon and water cycles, the soil’s chemistry, and affect the climate system. Within this context, this work aimed to understand the distribution patterns of burned areas in Brazil, during the period of 2002 to 2010, taking into consideration each one of the six Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa and Pantanal) and the respective major land cover classes. Data from the MODIS MCD45A1 product (burned area), as well as thermal anomalies (MOD14 and MYD14) and precipitation (TRMM), were analyzed according to the 2002 Brazilian official land cover and land use map (PROBIO). The Brazilian savanna biome, known as Cerrado, presented the largest concentration of burned areas detected by MODIS (73%), followed by the Amazon (14%), Pantanal (6%), Atlantic Forest (4%), Caatinga (3%), and Pampa (0,06%) biomes. Indeed, in the years of 2007 and 2010, 90% and 92% of Brazil’s burned areas were concentrated in the Cerrado and Amazon biomes, respectively. TRMM data indicated that during these two years there was a significant influence of La Niña, causing low rainfall in the Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest biomes. Regarding the land cover classes, approximately 81% of the burned areas occurred over remnant vegetation areas. Although no unequivocal correlation can be established between burned areas and new land conversions, the conspicuous concentration of fire scars, particularly in Amazon–Cerrado transition (i.e., the Arc of Deforestation) is certainly not a simple coincidence. Such patterns and trends corroborate the need of improved territorial governance, in addition to the implementation of systematic fire warning and preventive systems.

Brazil has the largest commercial beef cattle herd in the world, with cattle ranching being particularly prominent in the 200-million ha, Brazilian neotropical moist savanna biome, known as Cerrado, one of the world’s hotspots for biodiversity conservation. As decreasing productivity is a major concern affecting the Cerrado pasturelands, evaluation of pasture conditions through the determination of biophysical parameters is instrumental for more effective management practices and herd occupation strategies. Within this context, the primary goal of this study was the regional assessment of pasture biophysical properties, through the scaling of wet- and dry-season ground truth data (total biomass, green biomass, and % green cover) via the combined use of high (Landsat-TM) and moderate (MODIS) spatial resolution vegetation index images. Based on the high correlation found between NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and % green cover (r = 0.95), monthly MODIS-based % green cover images were derived for the 2009–2010 hydrological cycle, which were able to capture major regional patterns and differences in pasture biophysical responses, including the increasing greenness values towards the southern portions of the biome, due to both local conditions (e.g., more fertile soils) and management practices. These results corroborate the development of biophysically-based landscape degradation indices, in support of improved land use governance and natural area conservation in the Cerrado.

Nos últimos anos, o Brasil tem experimentado um aumento significativo no consumo de etanol combustível, combinado com uma melhoria no preço internacional do açúcar. No período de 2000 a 2010, a área plantada com cana no país aumentou 97,59% (equivalente a 4.526.475 hectares). Estes fatos têm contribuído para uma transformação da dinâmica agrícola no bioma Cerrado (savana), apontando para uma competição entre culturas de cana-de-açúcar e outras com menor nível de investimento. Neste estudo avaliamos a expansão da cultura da cana de açúcar na região Centro-Oeste do Estado de Minas Gerais, especificamente em áreas de Cerrado, e seus impactos socioambientais para os municípios contidos na área de estudo, entre os anos de 1995 e 2010. Dentre os resultados principais, obtidos por meio de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento, indicaram uma expansão de 130% para o plantio de cana-de-açúcar, seguido por 87% e 31% de reflorestamento e outras culturas, respectivamente. Foi detectada ainda uma redução da ordem de 19,6% da vegetação nativa, enquanto as áreas de pastagem perderam 8,5% da sua área original.

This paper focuses on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) data availability over the 2 million km² Cerrado, the Brazilian central savanna biome and one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Overall, about 2.5 million laser shots, distributed along the seven years of ICESat operation (2003–2009) and comprising three major seasonal domains, were acquired, from which, 206,026 and 176,035 screened footprints are coincident with the remnant vegetation and cultivated pasture areas (the dominant land-use form in the Cerrado). Although these points are well distributed over the entire Cerrado, the ICESat track data collection results in substantial data gaps. In relation to the 15,612 Cerrado watersheds (6th order Otto basin system), 8,369 and 4,415 watersheds are completely deprived of data points over their remnant vegetation and pasture covers, respectively. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) availability was also evaluated in relation to specific targets of interest, including both fully-protected conservation units as well as areas impacted by fire and deforestation. In spite of the very few occurrences, our assessments indicate that enough LIDAR data is available for retrieving structural and functional properties of a variety of Cerrado physiognomies, as well as to assess how these physiognomies respond to anthropogenic induced changes. In fact, the comprehensive data availability analysis conducted in this study corroborate the potential of GLAS LIDAR waveforms for the retrieval of biophysical properties at both local and regional scales, particularly concerning remnant carbon stocks and pasture conditions, key information for the conservation of the fast-changing and severely threatened Cerrado.

Considered one of the 34 world biodiversity hotspots, due to both its peculiar endemism and rapid land conversion(39,5% of human-induced conversions), the Cerrado biome is also characterized by a pronounced occurrence of vegetationfires (it is estimated that about 40% of the hotspots detected in the country take place in the Cerrado). Thus, in this studywe assessed the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of thermal anomalies in relation to the major land coverclasses and on going deforestations. Specifically, we relied on MODIS based hotspot data generated by the Universityof Maryland, USA, for the period between May 04, 2008 and May 05, 2009, which were analyzed according to themunicipality and watershed (Otto basin system, level 6) limits. The majority of the 32,001 hotspots detected concentratedin the center-north portion of the biome, particularly in the Tocantins-Araguaia (Tocantins State) and São Francisco (Bahia State) basins, affecting mostly the remnant vegetation (75,6%, predominantly the savanna formations), thecultivated pastures (13,2%), and the agriculture areas (11%). Our results show a clear dependence between fire and landcover types and a close association between these potential fire occurrences and the new clearings taking place.