Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a chronic disorder and is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of a reproductive age. The prevalence of PCOS is growing globally; 52% of women in Southeast Asia alone suffer from this disorder. This disorder is caused by chronic hyperandrogenism, which hinders folliculogenesis. There is also a close relationship between hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance (IR), and it is estimated that 40–80% of PCOS patients suffer from insulin resistance (IR). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretomes have been shown to alleviate PCOS symptoms by decreasing IR and androgen secretion by reducing inflammation. This study aimed to systematically review the literature to study the reported potential of MSCs and their secretomes in decreasing inflammation markers in PCOS treatment. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed on EMBASE, PubMed (MEDLINE), and the Cochrane Library with the terms insulin-resistant PCOS, mesenchymal stem cells, and secretome or conditioned medium as the search keywords. A total of 317 articles were reviewed. Four articles were identified as relevant for this systematic review. Results: The results of this study supported the use of mesenchymal stem cells and their secretions in decreasing inflammatory markers in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Conclusions: This review provided evidence that treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and their secretomes has the potential to treat PCOS due to its ability to downregulate androgen levels and increase insulin sensitivity, which thereby lowers the level of proinflammatory factors.