Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. There is almost no effective treatment for this disease. Therefore, developing effective treatment for ischemic stroke is urgently needed. Efficient delivery of therapeutic drugs to ischemic sites remained a great challenge for improved treatment of strokes. In recent years, hydrogel-based strategies have been widely investigated for new and improved therapies. They have the advantage of delivering therapeutics in a controlled manner to the poststroke sites, aiming to enhance the intrinsic repair and regeneration. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of stroke and the development of injectable hydrogels in the application of both stroke treatment and neural tissue engineering. We also discuss the prospect and the challenges of hydrogels in the treatment of ischemic strokes.