The aim of this research was to study the combined effects of bisphenols and iodine exposure on the thyroid gland during pregnancy. We included 162 pregnant women from a cohort established in Shanghai. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A, bisphenol B(BPB), bisphenol C(BPC), bisphenol F, bisphenol S, and bisphenol AF(BPAF) were examined. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation models were used. The geometric means of BPA, BPB, BPC, BPF, BPS, BPAF, and ΣBPs levels in urine were 3.03, 0.24, 2.66, 0.36, 0.26, 0.72, and 7.55 μg/g creatinine, respectively. We observed a positive trend in the cumulative effects of BPs and iodine on serum triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), as well as a U-shaped dose–response relationship between BPs and the probability of occurrence of thyroperoxidase autoantibody positivity in women with low urinary iodine concentration. In addition, a synergistic effect on the probability of occurrence of thyroid autoantibody positivity was observed between BPF and BPB, as well as between BPC and BPAF in this study. There were adverse health effects on the thyroid after co-exposure to BPs and iodine. Even if pregnant women were exposed to lower levels of BPs, women with iodine deficiency remained vulnerable to thyroid autoimmune disease.

Thyroid dysfunction is associated with both vitamin D deficiency and iodine; however, it is unclear whether they interact. This study aimed to investigate whether and to what extent the interactions between vitamin D and iodine contribute to the risk of thyroid disorder. Participants (n = 4280) were chosen using multistage, stratified random sampling from Shanghai. Fasting blood was drawn for the 25(OH)D and thyroid parameter tests. Spot urine samples were gathered to test for urine iodine. To evaluate the interactive effects of vitamin D and iodine, crossover analysis was carried out. Pregnant women with a high urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and severe vitamin D deficiency had a significantly higher risk of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TrAb) positivity (odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 5.22) in the first trimester. Severe vitamin D deficiency and high UIC interacted positively for the risk of TrAb positivity (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.910, 95%CI: 0.054, 3.766; attributable proportion = 0.700, 95%CI: 0.367, 1.03). Severe vitamin D deficiency combined with excess iodine could increase the risk of TrAb positivity in pregnant women in the first trimester.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have become increasingly prevalent in modern diets due to their convenience and variety. These foods typically have higher energy density and lower nutrient density, contributing to adverse health outcomes such as obesity and hypertension. This study aimed to explore UPFs consumption status and its association with health outcomes in a representative Shanghai population, using data from the Shanghai Diet and Health Surveillance. Multi-stage stratified random sampling was adopted, with dietary intake assessed via 3-day consecutive 24 h dietary recalls, and health outcomes evaluated through physical measurements and biochemical indicators. UPFs account for 11.2% of total energy intake overall and 29.0% among high consumers. The overall prevalence of abdominal obesity was 58.9%. After adjusting for confounders, high UPFs consumption was associated with a 28.5% higher risk of abdominal obesity versus non/low consumption (OR = 1.285, 95% CI: 1.059–1.559, p = 0.011), with no significant associations with hypertension or diabetes. High UPF consumption is an independent risk factor for abdominal obesity in Shanghai residents, highlighting its public health relevance.

The ISPOHC was initiated in Shanghai to address the need for a comprehensive and longitudinal study on iodine nutrition and its effects on maternal and offspring health. The findings based on the Shanghai population can serve as a reference for other megacities experiencing significant dietary changes simultaneously. ISPOHC utilized a stratified cluster random sampling design, enrolling 5099 pregnant women from all 16 districts of Shanghai. The survey has been conducted in three phases. Data collected at different time points include health status, living habits, dietary intake, birth, feeding, early development, anthropometric measurements, and biomarkers, allowing for an in-depth evaluation of iodine nutrition's impact on offspring development. Data were collected through a combination of questionnaires, home visits, anthropometric measurements, and biological sample collection. The integration of detailed food investigation and on-site weighing of household seasonings provides a more precise assessment of dietary iodine intake, particularly iodized salt consumption, distinguishing this study. The study has provided significant insights into the relationship between iodine nutrition during pregnancy and various health outcomes.

Background: Dining out has become increasingly prevalent in China, which is associated with higher intakes of energy, fat and sodium, elevating the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases. However, evidence on color-coded nutrition labels for onsite prepared meals remains scarce. This study aimed to examine consumers’ perceptions of Dish-Choice, a three-color-coded onsite label, in comparison with the standard Nutrition Facts Label (NFL), to evaluate subjective perceptions of this novel label. Methods: A self-controlled trial was conducted among 3008 diners from canteens in Shanghai, with completing questionnaires twice: first on NFL perceptions, then three months later on Dish-Choice. Logistic regression and paired-sample comparison were used for analysis. Results: Compared with the NFL, Dish-Choice was associated with higher perceptual scores, with greater changes in overweight/obese, males, lower socio-economic status (SES) groups and those with poor dietary quality. Conclusions: The Dish-Choice label elicits more positive perceptual responses across multiple perceptual constructs. It is particularly well-received among vulnerable populations with lower health literacy, including men, lower-SES groups, and individuals with poor dietary habits. This supports its potential as a public health tool for on-site dining settings, though further research is needed to confirm its impact on actual food choices.