Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) frequently present with multiple feeding problems, which may require food texture modification to ensure safe feeding. This review aims to explore the challenges individuals with CP and their caregiver’s face and recommend modified food textures to ensure safety and improve the quality of life and nutritional status. A systematic search was carried out through four databases (i.e., EBSCO (Medline), PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) between January 2011 and May 2022. Out of 86 articles retrieved, seven were selected based on keywords and seven other studies through manual search-five cross-sectional studies, two qualitative studies, one correlational study, one mixed method study, one case-control study, two sections of books, and two educational materials. The findings suggest that preparation and intake of food with modified texture play a necessary role in the safety of swallowing in addition to physical, social, and environmental aspects. Safety was found to be the crucial part of the food texture modification provision besides considering the stress of the caregivers and the nutritional status of individuals with CP. Currently, there are no standard guidelines available pertaining to food texture modification. This led to uncertainties in the dietary provision among caregivers, which may lead to undernourishment. Hence, standard guidelines relating to food texture modification that focuses on food preparation and menus with calorie and nutrient information are timely to be developed.

Telenutrition refers to using telehealth and telemedicine technologies to provide nutritional care and counselling to patients remotely. Studies found that telenutrition can be an effective tool for managing chronic diseases in primary care settings. This review was conducted to gather information on telenutrition feasibility and effectiveness. A comprehensive search was conducted via the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCo, and Scopus databases. Randomised controlled trials published until 2022 that assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of telenutrition outcomes were included. Three reviewers worked independently on study selection and risk of bias assessment. The PRISMA 2020 version checklist was used to report and review the selected articles. This review identified 19 studies on telenutrition intervention for weight loss, personalised nutrition and physical activity, diabetes care, metabolic syndrome, bone health care, organ transplant, haematological cancer, kidney disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Feasibility (n=21) was determined by recruitment rate, adherence rate, completion rate, and satisfaction. Six studies were rated as good to high adherence; eleven achieved >80% of the completed intervention, and eight showed a high satisfaction rate (78-98.6%) with telenutrition. The effectiveness (n=14) measured physiological and physical conditions. The overall meta-analysis indicates that telenutrition showed a moderate effect. A majority of the studies favoured telenutrition intervention where there were significant effects of telenutrition for some outcomes (weight changes, BMI, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels), but not others (HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure). Generally, telenutrition significantly improved BMI and waist circumference, yet there has been limited effectiveness in physiological conditions, such as in HbA1c, cholesterol, and blood pressure levels.

Background: Malnutrition occurs due to inadequate food intake and low daily energy intake, often associated with picky eating behaviour (PEB). Picky eaters have limited food choices and poor dietary diversity, leading to malnutrition. Therefore, this article aims to explore the impact of childhood eating behaviour on a young child's growth. Method: Articles were identified through six electronic search engines using 12 keywords. Articles were included if they met the following criteria: (1) sample of study involved young children (below six years old); (2) study outcome focusing on the impact of eating behaviour on the growth of the children (3) published in English. Studies were excluded if they were review articles, qualitative studies, and involved children with clinical health problems. Result: A total of 413 articles were screened, and 8 full-text articles were evaluated. The prevalence rates of selective eaters varied greatly from 25% in India to 77% in Iraq. The screening tools used for identifying PEB varied, with the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) being the most commonly used tool. Short-term implications of PEB on children include the risk of poor diet intake and limited consumption of a variety of food groups, which can lead to adverse health outcomes. Meanwhile, long-term implications include the development of eating disorders in adulthood. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that PEB has had a significant impact on the growth of young children. Despite the increasing concern about the implications of PEB, there is a lack of sufficient research studies on the effects of this behaviour on the nutritional status of young children. Keywords: eating behaviour; picky eaters; nutritional status; growth; young children