Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.

Review Leveraging one health to combat leptospirosis: a global strategy for enhancing transmission knowledge, diagnostics, and surveillance Divykriti Agrawal 1, Aadil Ahmed Irshath 1 and Anand Prem Rajan 1,* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India. * Correspondence: aprdbt@gmail.com (A.P.R.) Citation: […]

Diosmin is of potential interest for its possible role in human health. Diosmin is a flavone glycoside that is a member of the class of flavonoids, which are secondary metabolites found in large quantities in plants and vegetables. Diosmin is specifically the glycoside of the aglycon diosmetin (3′, 5, 7-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone), which is found naturally and in large quantities in citrus fruits as well as in a number of herbal medicines. It is useful in the treatment of a number of illnesses. Its biological roles, including its use as a phlebotonic drug and its extraordinary antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial activity, have been highlighted by numerous in vitro and in vivo research. We looked at a summary of diosmin’s chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, focusing on its main biological characteristics, therapeutic uses, and possible targets of action after activation or blockage of the pathways linked to its use.