Floods have destroyed people’s lives as well as social and environmental assets. Flooding is becoming more severe and frequent as a result of climate change and an increase in human-induced land-use changes, which puts pressure on river channels and causes changes in river morphology. The study was aimed to assess flood danger and map inundation areas in Ethiopia’s Teji watershed, which is prone to flooding. The basic flood-producing factors in this study were derived from soil, slope, elevation, drainage-density and land use land cover data. The opinions of public institutions and expert decisions were gathered to determine the weight of the factors in the analytic hierarchy process. The collected data were processed using the ArcGIS environment and the analytic hierarchy method to produce a flood danger map. According to the findings of this study, approximately 43.28 and 13.09% of the area were vulnerable to high and very high flood risk zones, respectively. As a result, flood prediction, early warning and management practices could be implemented on a regular and sustainable basis.

Irrigation development necessitates suitable lands for higher yield production and the development of long-term irrigation systems. The purpose of this research was to identify appropriate irrigation lands for irrigation in the Minch Yekest watershed in West Amhara, Ethiopia. Geospatial and multi-criteria decision-making techniques were used in this study. For land suitability analysis for surface irrigation, slope, land use, altitude, distance from the water source, soil characteristics, and available water storage capacity parameters were used. To find the best location for surface irrigation, the values were weighted and combined using the weighted overlay tool. The irrigation land suitability of each physical land parameter was classified into four suitability classes (S1, S2, S3, and N) based on the Food and Agricultural Organization guideline. According to the findings, 63% of the watershed area is highly suitable, 6.25% is moderately suitable, 28.69% is marginally suitable, and 2.06% is not suitable for the aforementioned purposes. The methodological approach and study findings could help policymakers make better decisions when developing irrigation projects in Ethiopia.

The erosion of soil is one of the most difficult and ongoing problems caused by deforestation, improper cultivation, uncontrolled grazing, and other anthropogenic activities. As a result, assessing the level and quantity of soil erosion is essential for agricultural productivity and natural resource management. Thus, the goal of this study was to quantify soil loss rates and identify hotspot locations in the Tashat watershed, Abay basin, Ethiopia. Thematic factor maps, comprising rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), topography factor (LS), cover and management factor (C), and conservation practices factor (P), were integrated using remote sensing data and the GIS 10.3.1 environment to estimate soil loss using RUSLE. The findings indicated that the watershed annual soil loss varies from none in the lower part to 3970.6 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the middle, with a mean annual soil loss of 64.2 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The total estimated annual soil loss was 61,885,742.9 tons from the total watershed area of 48,348.4 ha. The majority of these soil erosion-affected places are geographically located in the watershed middle steepest slope portion, where Cambic Arenosols with higher soil erodibility character than other soil types in the research area predominate. Thus, sustainable soil and water conservation techniques should be implemented in the steepest middle section of the study area by respecting and acknowledging watershed logic, people, and watershed potentials.

Groundwater is an essential component of our country's freshwater supplies. It plays a critical role in satisfying the water demands of the nation's many user sectors. The groundwater resource cannot be exploited and sustained optimally unless prospective zones are identified prior to the drilling of wells. The current study intended to analyze groundwater potential possibilities in the Cuma sub-basin, Omo Gibe basin, southern Ethiopia, utilizing geospatial and multi-criteria decision analysis approaches. For this purpose, a range of thematic layers like geology, Rainfall, drainage density, slope, land use and land cover (LULC), Soil type, faults density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, Available water capacity, and soil depth were organized for the study area. The different sub-criteria of each theme layer were rated according to their effect on groundwater recharge, and a weightage was assigned to each thematic layer based on the analytical hierarchy method (AHP). The identification of groundwater-potential regions of the sub-basin was one of the study's main results. The resulting groundwater potential zone map is further classified into five groundwater potential classes: very good (7.01%), good (19.49%), moderate (17.48%), poor (29.51%), and very poor (26.51%). The study's findings have important significance for developing sustainable groundwater strategies in the area.

Ethiopia is Africa's second-most populous country, after Nigeria, and is primarily a farming community with low productivity that is heavily reliant on rain-fed agriculture. Water scarcity, global warming, and rising population all necessitate more effective water conservation methods. As a result, the demand for dams is increasing dramatically in order to provide the community with safe drinking water, electricity, and irrigation to ensure food security. The goal of this study was to use remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in conjunction with the dam suitability stream model and multi-criteria decision analysis to identify potential sites for multi-purpose dam construction. The study used six influencing factors to find suitable dam sites, with the model's suitability stream and overall suitability output maps proposed and evaluated as a result. Based on the topography and land use, the results showed that three proposed dam sites in the upper part of the watershed are likely preferable for irrigation, fishery, and clean drinking water supply. The three proposed dam sites in the watershed's lower reaches, however, are better suited to hydropower generation. In addition, remote sensing and GIS are useful in dam/reservoir site selection because they allow decision-makers to create, manipulate, and manage relevant thematic layers.