The main purpose of this paper is using the elementary and combinatorial methods to study the properties of the Catalan numbers, and give two new identities for them. In order to do this, we first introduce two new recursive sequences, then with the help of these sequences, we obtained the identities for the convolution involving the Catalan numbers.

Our main purpose of this article was using the analytic methods and the properties of Dirichlet $ L $-functions to study the properties of Dedekind sums and give a new reciprocity formula for it. As its applications, some exact calculating formula for one kind mean square value of Dirichlet $ L $-fuctions with the weight of the character sums were obtained.

Dedekind-type DC sums and their properties are defined in terms of Euler functions. Ma et al. recently introduced poly-Dedekind-type DC sums and demonstrated that they satisfy a reciprocity relation. In this paper, we introduce the degenerate poly-Euler polynomials and numbers, and we also consider the reciprocity relations of degenerate poly-Dedekind-type DC sums. Equivalently, several properties and identities of degenerate poly-Euler functions are obtained.

Dedekind sums and their generalizations are defined in terms of Bernoulli functions and their generalizations. As a new generalization of the Dedekind sums, the degenerate poly-Dedekind sums, which are obtained from the Dedekind sums by replacing Bernoulli functions by degenerate poly-Bernoulli functions of arbitrary indices are introduced in this article and are shown to satisfy a reciprocity relation.

Let Y be a random variable whose moment generating function exists in a neighborhood of the origin. The aim of this paper is to study the probabilistic degenerate poly-Bell polynomials associated with the random variable Y, arising from the degenerate polyexponential functions, which are probabilistic extensions of degenerate versions of the poly-Bell polynomials. We derive several explicit expressions and some related identities for them. In addition, we consider the special cases that Y is the Bernoulli random variable with probability of success p or the gamma random variable with parameters 1,1.