Artificial intelligence has been widely used in the field of dentistry in recent years. The present study highlights current advances and limitations in integrating artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in subfields of dentistry including periodontology, endodontics, orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and oral pathology. This article aims to provide a systematic review of current clinical applications of artificial intelligence within different fields of dentistry. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) statement was used as a formal guideline for data collection. Data was obtained from research studies for 2009–2022. The analysis included a total of 55 papers from Google Scholar, IEEE, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Results show that artificial intelligence has the potential to improve dental care, disease diagnosis and prognosis, treatment planning, and risk assessment. Finally, this study highlights the limitations of the analyzed studies and provides future directions to improve dental care.

To determine the effect of aspirin on ulcer healing rate in patients with chronic venous insufficiency, and to establish prognostic factors that influence ulcer evolution. Between 2001 and 2005, 78 patients with ulcerated lesions of diameter >2 cm and associated with chronic venous insufficiency were evaluated in our hospital. Of these, 51 patients (22 men, 29 women) with mean age of 60 years (range: 36-86) were included in a prospective randomized trial with a parallel control group. The treatment group received 300 mg of aspirin and the control group received no drug treatment; in both groups, healing was associated with standard compression therapy. During follow-up, held weekly in a blinded fashion, there was ulcer healing as well as cases of recurrence. Results were analyzed by intention-to-treat approach. Cure rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the influence of prognostic factors was analyzed by applying the Cox proportional hazards model. In the presence of gradual compression therapy, healing occurred more rapidly in patients receiving aspirin versus the control subjects (12 weeks in the treated group vs. 22 weeks in the control group), with a 46% reduction in healing time. The main prognostic factor was estimated initial area of injury (P = 0.032). Age, sex, systemic therapy, and infection showed little relevance to evolution. The administration of aspirin daily dose of 300 mg shortens the healing time of ulcerated lesions in the chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The main prognostic factor for healing of venous ulcerated lesions is the initial surface area of the ulcer.

Background: Chronic lower limb ischemia develops earlier and more frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes remains the main cause of lower-extremity non-traumatic amputations. Current medical treatment, based on antiplatelet therapy and statins, has demonstrated deficient improvement of the disease. In recent years, research has shown that it is possible to improve tissue perfusion through therapeutic angiogenesis. Both in animal models and humans, it has been shown that cell therapy can induce therapeutic angiogenesis, making mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy one of the most promising therapeutic alternatives. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of cell therapy based on mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue intramuscular administration to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with critical limb ischemia and without possibility of revascularization. Methods: A multicenter, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has been designed. Ninety eligible patients will be randomly assigned at a ratio 1:1:1 to one of the following: control group (n = 30), low-cell dose treatment group (n = 30), and high-cell dose treatment group (n = 30). Treatment will be administered in a single-dose way and patients will be followed for 12 months. Primary outcome (safety) will be evaluated by measuring the rate of adverse events within the study period. Secondary outcomes (efficacy) will be measured by assessing clinical, analytical, and imaging-test parameters. Tertiary outcome (quality of life) will be evaluated with SF-12 and VascuQol-6 scales. Discussion: Chronic lower limb ischemia has limited therapeutic options and constitutes a public health problem in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Given that the current treatment is not established in daily clinical practice, it is essential to provide evidence-based data that allow taking a step forward in its clinical development. Also, the multidisciplinary coordination exercise needed to develop this clinical trial protocol will undoubtfully be useful to conduct academic clinical trials in the field of cell therapy in the near future. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04466007. Registered on January 07, 2020. All items from the World Health Organization Trial Registration Data Set are included within the body of the protocol.

To systematically evaluate the association between chronic venous disease (CVD) and cardiovascular (CV) risk, including major cardiovascular events and traditional risk factors, across diverse populations and study designs. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from January 2011 to March 2025 using MeSH terms and free-text keywords. Inclusion criteria encompassed observational human studies evaluating the relationship between CVD and CV outcomes or risk factors. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Thematic analysis and coding of extracted data were supported using ATLAS.ti software. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, including cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control designs. Seventeen of the 20 studies (85%) reported a significant association between CVD and at least one cardiovascular outcome, such as coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, or cardiovascular mortality. Odds and hazard ratios ranged from 1.3 to 3.8, with higher CEAP classes (C3-C6) consistently linked to greater CV risk. Eight studies identified a higher prevalence of traditional risk factors-including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia-in patients with CVD. Two studies provided mechanistic insights, highlighting systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as potential shared pathways. Population-based analyses with multivariable adjustments confirmed the independent nature of the association. A meta-analysis of six studies encompassing 393,875 individuals and 55,356 cardiovascular events was conducted. The pooled odds ratio for cardiovascular events in patients with CVD was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.14-1.69), reaching statistical significance (p = 0.021). An adjusted expected odds ratio of 2.50 (95% CI: 1.15-5.44) further reinforced the strength of the association. Heterogeneity was high (I² = 98%), but no publication bias was detected. Visual exploration through Galbraith, L'Abbé, and funnel plots supported the consistency of the findings. CVD is independently associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with moderate to severe disease. These findings suggest that CVD may serve as a clinical marker of systemic vascular dysfunction and support its inclusion in CV risk assessment frameworks. The quantitative synthesis confirms a significant association and highlights the importance of early cardiovascular screening in patients with CVD.