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Since 2013, the Chinese central government has pushed cooperation on environmental governance in Urban Agglomerations (UAs). In some of these UAs, cities have previously been developing environmental governance activities autonomously, in the absence of inter-city cooperation, while on others, spontaneous cooperation has previously taken place. These differences in historical context provide us with an opportunity to study, in a comparative way, how a history of cooperation influences the effectiveness of inter-city cooperation on environmental governance. Our approach to carrying out this comparison is to reconstruct the trajectories of events that describe the evolution of environmental governance in two UAs (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta), covering the period from the early 90s to 2016. The main findings of this study are that the trajectory of environmental governance in a historical context of prior spontaneous cooperation is more effective in achieving goal intertwinement than that in a historical context of no prior cooperation; and that informal forms of cooperation, along with decentralized coordination by local actors, are critical and more influential in bringing about more effective cooperation. On the other hand, in a historical context of no prior cooperation there is an opportunity to design a cooperative structure from scratch; in this process attention should be paid to the creation of an equal playing ground, with balanced costs and benefits for all partners. By contrast, cooperation on environmental governance in a context where there is a history of spontaneous cooperation the central government can still play a role in the further facilitation of cooperation.
Rui Mu; Wouter Spekkink. A Running Start or a Clean Slate? How a History of Cooperation Affects the Ability of Cities to Cooperate on Environmental Governance. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1950 .
AMA StyleRui Mu, Wouter Spekkink. A Running Start or a Clean Slate? How a History of Cooperation Affects the Ability of Cities to Cooperate on Environmental Governance. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1950.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui Mu; Wouter Spekkink. 2018. "A Running Start or a Clean Slate? How a History of Cooperation Affects the Ability of Cities to Cooperate on Environmental Governance." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1950.
This paper aims to contribute to understanding the dynamics of industrial symbiosis. More specifically, we focus on the dynamics of anchoring as they can be observed in the Chinese context of eco-industrial development. We define anchoring as those activities that (typically local) actors perform to create local physical and institutional conditions conducive to the emergence and further development of industrial symbiosis in a specific regional industrial system. We argue that, in the study of industrial symbiosis dynamics, it is conceptually more useful to focus on anchoring as an activity, rather than anchor tenants as actors. Based on a systematic literature review, we distinguish two types of anchoring activities: institutional and physical. We analyze anchoring dynamics in the case of Qijiang Industrial Symbiosis (Chongqing Municipality) in China. We have identified the physical and institutional anchoring activities, the actors responsible for these activities, and how different anchoring activities build on each other over time. Our case study shows that the attempt to bring about industrial symbiosis in the Qijiang industrial park can be described in a richer way than just ‘governmental planning’.
Li Sun; Wouter Spekkink; Eefje Cuppen; Gijsbert Korevaar. Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring. Sustainability 2017, 9, 549 .
AMA StyleLi Sun, Wouter Spekkink, Eefje Cuppen, Gijsbert Korevaar. Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (4):549.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi Sun; Wouter Spekkink; Eefje Cuppen; Gijsbert Korevaar. 2017. "Coordination of Industrial Symbiosis through Anchoring." Sustainability 9, no. 4: 549.
We introduce several new resilience metrics for quantifying the resilience of critical material supply chains to disruptions, and validate these metrics using the 2010 rare earth element (REE) crisis as a case study. Our method is a novel application of Event Sequence Analysis, supplemented with interviews of actors across the entire supply chain. We discuss resilience mechanism in quantitative terms - time lags, response speeds and maximum magnitudes - and in light of cultural differences between Japanese and European corporate practice. This quantification is crucial if resilience is ever to be taken into account in criticality assessments, and a step towards determining supply and demand elasticities in the REE supply chain. We find that the REE system showed resilience mainly through substitution and increased non-Chinese primary production, with a distinct role for stockpiling. Overall, annual substitution rates reached 10% of total demand. Non-Chinese primary production ramped up at a speed of 4% of total market volume per year. The compound effect of these mechanism was that recovery from the 2010 disruption took two years. The supply disruption did not nudge a system towards an appreciable degree of recycling. This finding has important implications for the circular economy concept, indicating that quite a long period of sustained material constraints will be necessary for a production-consumption system to naturally evolve towards a circular configuration.
Benjamin Sprecher; Ichiro Daigo; Wouter Spekkink; Matthijs Vos; René Kleijn; Shinsuke Murakami; Gert Jan Kramer. Novel Indicators for the Quantification of Resilience in Critical Material Supply Chains, with a 2010 Rare Earth Crisis Case Study. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51, 3860 -3870.
AMA StyleBenjamin Sprecher, Ichiro Daigo, Wouter Spekkink, Matthijs Vos, René Kleijn, Shinsuke Murakami, Gert Jan Kramer. Novel Indicators for the Quantification of Resilience in Critical Material Supply Chains, with a 2010 Rare Earth Crisis Case Study. Environmental Science & Technology. 2017; 51 (7):3860-3870.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamin Sprecher; Ichiro Daigo; Wouter Spekkink; Matthijs Vos; René Kleijn; Shinsuke Murakami; Gert Jan Kramer. 2017. "Novel Indicators for the Quantification of Resilience in Critical Material Supply Chains, with a 2010 Rare Earth Crisis Case Study." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 7: 3860-3870.
Wouter Spekkink; Geert R. Teisman; Frank A.A. Boons. Duurzame innovatie in industriële clusters. Bestuurskunde 2016, 25, 18 -28.
AMA StyleWouter Spekkink, Geert R. Teisman, Frank A.A. Boons. Duurzame innovatie in industriële clusters. Bestuurskunde. 2016; 25 (4):18-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWouter Spekkink; Geert R. Teisman; Frank A.A. Boons. 2016. "Duurzame innovatie in industriële clusters." Bestuurskunde 25, no. 4: 18-28.
Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the founding notions within the field of industrial ecology, has diffused throughout significant parts of the world as a practice that can reduce the ecological impact of the industrial processes of groups of firms. In this article, we propose a fresh look at this research topic, building on the considerable advances that have been made in the last 15 years in understanding how IS comes about. We propose a conceptual and theoretical framework for taking on the challenge of comparative analysis at a global level. This requires developing an approach to address a solution to the problem of equivalence: the difficulty of comparing instances of IS across different institutional contexts. The proposed framework emphasizes IS as a process and attempts to address the obstacles to comparative study by (1) identifying terminology to examine IS variants, (2) providing a typology of IS dynamics, and (3) formulating key research questions to illuminate a way forward. In developing our argument, we build on the collective experiences of collaborative research efforts in North America, Europe, and Asia as evidenced in recent overviews of the literature.
Frank Boons; Marian Chertow; Jooyoung Park; Wouter Spekkink; Han Shi. Industrial Symbiosis Dynamics and the Problem of Equivalence: Proposal for a Comparative Framework. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2016, 21, 938 -952.
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Marian Chertow, Jooyoung Park, Wouter Spekkink, Han Shi. Industrial Symbiosis Dynamics and the Problem of Equivalence: Proposal for a Comparative Framework. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2016; 21 (4):938-952.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Marian Chertow; Jooyoung Park; Wouter Spekkink; Han Shi. 2016. "Industrial Symbiosis Dynamics and the Problem of Equivalence: Proposal for a Comparative Framework." Journal of Industrial Ecology 21, no. 4: 938-952.
Corporate environmentalism has been theorized to be a by-product of intra- firm capabilities and the immediate institutional context of firms. Yet the wider societal dynamics concerning ecological impact as theorized by environmental sociologists have not yet been taken into account. In this paper we assess the implications of one such theory, Ecological Modernization Theory (EMT). We assess the changes it predicts in terms of strategic action fields, which are constituted by the multitude of issues that relate to environmental impact of firms. Empirically, we look at the Dutch chemical industry during the period 1990-2012, and select three core themes that constituted the strategic action field: (1) contestation of chlorine-based production processes, (2) internalization of environmental responsibility, and (3) build-up of a bio-based economy. In doing so, we pursue a second aim, which is to advance an innovative methodology that allow us to analyse change in strategic action fields as a social process. We find some support for EMT, and are able to theorize more specifically about types of processes within strategic action fields, and the interrelatedness of such fields.
Frank Boons; Wouter Spekkink. "Field evolution as a social process. Dutch chemical industry and environmental impact, 1990-2012". Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, 2016, 16019 .
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Wouter Spekkink. "Field evolution as a social process. Dutch chemical industry and environmental impact, 1990-2012". Academy of Management Proceedings. 2016; 2016 (1):16019.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Wouter Spekkink. 2016. ""Field evolution as a social process. Dutch chemical industry and environmental impact, 1990-2012"." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1: 16019.
In the literature on collaborative governance, it is often assumed that collaborative capacity (i.e., the ability of actors to coordinate their activities around public issues in a collaborative fashion) is primarily generated during the collaborative process itself. In this article, we show that collaborative capacity can already emerge before the start of collaborations, in the form of a common ground and the bridging position that some actors attain through their involvement in different projects that build up to the collaboration. We introduce a conceptual framework that captures these dimensions of collaborative capacity, and we present findings on two case studies to test several propositions, using an approach called event sequence analysis. We find that in both cases a common ground develops before the start of collaborations and influences the aims that are chosen during the collaborations themselves. We also find that actors that attain a bridging position before the collaboration play an important role in assembling building blocks for collaboration together. Our findings have relevance primarily for regional collaborations that involve large numbers of professional organizations.
Wouter A. H. Spekkink; Frank A. A. Boons. The Emergence of Collaborations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 2015, 26, 613 -630.
AMA StyleWouter A. H. Spekkink, Frank A. A. Boons. The Emergence of Collaborations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2015; 26 (4):613-630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWouter A. H. Spekkink; Frank A. A. Boons. 2015. "The Emergence of Collaborations." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 26, no. 4: 613-630.
Wouter Spekkink. Varieties of industrial symbiosis. International Perspectives on Industrial Ecology 2015, 142 -156.
AMA StyleWouter Spekkink. Varieties of industrial symbiosis. International Perspectives on Industrial Ecology. 2015; ():142-156.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWouter Spekkink. 2015. "Varieties of industrial symbiosis." International Perspectives on Industrial Ecology , no. : 142-156.
Wouter Spekkink. Building capacity for sustainable regional industrial systems: an event sequence analysis of developments in the Sloe Area and Canal Zone. Journal of Cleaner Production 2015, 98, 133 -144.
AMA StyleWouter Spekkink. Building capacity for sustainable regional industrial systems: an event sequence analysis of developments in the Sloe Area and Canal Zone. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015; 98 ():133-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWouter Spekkink. 2015. "Building capacity for sustainable regional industrial systems: an event sequence analysis of developments in the Sloe Area and Canal Zone." Journal of Cleaner Production 98, no. : 133-144.
Frank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Ralf Isenmann; Leo Baas; Mats Eklund; Sabrina Brullot. Comparing industrial symbiosis in Europe: towards a conceptual framework and research methodology. International Perspectives on Industrial Ecology 2015, 69 -88.
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Wouter Spekkink, Ralf Isenmann, Leo Baas, Mats Eklund, Sabrina Brullot. Comparing industrial symbiosis in Europe: towards a conceptual framework and research methodology. International Perspectives on Industrial Ecology. 2015; ():69-88.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Ralf Isenmann; Leo Baas; Mats Eklund; Sabrina Brullot. 2015. "Comparing industrial symbiosis in Europe: towards a conceptual framework and research methodology." International Perspectives on Industrial Ecology , no. : 69-88.
It has been long recognized in the conceptual literature that industrial symbiosis requires a perspective that focuses on long‐term evolution. This has not yet been matched by adopting an adequate process‐oriented research methodology. This article provides the underpinnings for such a methodology, presents a developed methodology, event sequence analysis, and shows its added value through a set of research questions and an empirical example. It shows how the process perspective leads to asking new research questions as well as the uncovering of new insights about the emergence, evolution, and dissolution of symbiotic relationships and the institutional capacity required to build such relationships.
Frank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Wenting Jiao. A Process Perspective on Industrial Symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2014, 18, 341 -355.
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Wouter Spekkink, Wenting Jiao. A Process Perspective on Industrial Symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2014; 18 (3):341-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Wenting Jiao. 2014. "A Process Perspective on Industrial Symbiosis." Journal of Industrial Ecology 18, no. 3: 341-355.
One of the assumptions underlying much of the research on Industrial Symbiosis (IS) that has been performed over the past decades is that besides technical and economic feasibility collaboration between firms is of central importance to the development of IS. So far, there has been little systematic research into the process through which firms and other relevant actors build up collaborations for IS. I present Event Sequence Analysis as a research approach that allows for a systematic, longitudinal analysis of process phenomena and I outline the steps to be taken in the application of the approach. I demonstrate the value of the approach by offering a first analysis of how companies in the Canal Zone of Zeeland in the Netherlands build up the institutional capacity that enables them to address the development of IS collaboratively. The analysis reveals that institutional capacity did not build up in a linear way. The generation of institutional capacity enabled the involved actors to engage in increasingly complex by-product synergies and utility synergies. It also enabled the actors to develop a strategic vision in which they articulated the development of a bio based industrial cluster as a common purpose. This common purpose stimulated the actors to shift their focus from the development of individual synergies to the development of a regional network of such synergies. Event Sequence Analysis proves to be a promising approach to investigating phenomena such as institutional capacity building and the emergence and development of Industrial Symbiosis.
Wouter Spekkink. Institutional capacity building for industrial symbiosis in the Canal Zone of Zeeland in the Netherlands: a process analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2013, 52, 342 -355.
AMA StyleWouter Spekkink. Institutional capacity building for industrial symbiosis in the Canal Zone of Zeeland in the Netherlands: a process analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013; 52 ():342-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWouter Spekkink. 2013. "Institutional capacity building for industrial symbiosis in the Canal Zone of Zeeland in the Netherlands: a process analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 52, no. : 342-355.
One assumption underlying the work on industrial symbiosis (IS) is that certain social conditions must be fulfilled in order for firms to develop symbiotic linkages. In this article we add depth to this insight by using institutional capacity as an underlying concept for these conditions, and we propose that such capacity influences IS by altering the opportunity set of actors. We then test the assumption on a dataset of 233 projects aiming to develop eco‐industrial parks. We find that the link between institutional capacity and the opportunities for symbiotic linkages perceived by actors is not always present and is more complicated than has been recognized thus far. We discuss potential alternative ways in which institutional capacity might influence IS and present ideas for future research to shed light on this important relationship.
Frank Boons; Wouter Spekkink. Levels of Institutional Capacity and Actor Expectations about Industrial Symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012, 16, 61 -69.
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Wouter Spekkink. Levels of Institutional Capacity and Actor Expectations about Industrial Symbiosis. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2012; 16 (1):61-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Wouter Spekkink. 2012. "Levels of Institutional Capacity and Actor Expectations about Industrial Symbiosis." Journal of Industrial Ecology 16, no. 1: 61-69.
Frank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Yannis Mouzakitis. Erratum to “The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review.” [J Clean Prod vol. 19 issue (2011) 905–911]. Journal of Cleaner Production 2011, 19, 1773 -1776.
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Wouter Spekkink, Yannis Mouzakitis. Erratum to “The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review.” [J Clean Prod vol. 19 issue (2011) 905–911]. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2011; 19 (15):1773-1776.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Yannis Mouzakitis. 2011. "Erratum to “The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review.” [J Clean Prod vol. 19 issue (2011) 905–911]." Journal of Cleaner Production 19, no. 15: 1773-1776.
Frank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Yannis Mouzakitis. The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2011, 19, 905 -911.
AMA StyleFrank Boons, Wouter Spekkink, Yannis Mouzakitis. The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2011; 19 (9-10):905-911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank Boons; Wouter Spekkink; Yannis Mouzakitis. 2011. "The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review." Journal of Cleaner Production 19, no. 9-10: 905-911.