Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing condition that hinders the treatment and control of tuberculosis (TB). Several factors promote this comorbidity showing variations according to characteristics of the population affected. The objective was to identify the factors associated with the comorbidity of TB-T2DM in a rural population of Oaxaca, Mexico. Methodology: This was an unpaired case-control study. Descriptive statistics was performed for clinical and sociodemographic variables. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) to identify associated factors with TB-T2DM binomial. Results: 126 controls (TB+ T2DM-) and 69 cases (TB+ T2DM+) were included. 43% were considered as indigenous population. Significant differences were found according to the groups. Treatment failure was higher in individuals with binomial (p = 0.015), as well as a higher bacillary load (two crosses) and presence of pulmonary TB (p ≤ 0.001). Association analysis showed that the risk factors of binomial were: female sex (OR = 2.47; 95% CI 1.24-4.92), age ≥ 45 years (OR = 2.90; 95% CI 1.42-5.92), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.25-5.77) and presenting > 6 symptoms (OR = 2.71; 95% CI 1.19-6.14). Conclusions: This is the first report of this comorbidity in a rural Mexican population. The results highlight the growing problem of TB-T2DM, and the need to address the issue from an integral and gender perspective. Furthermore, mandatory screening is necessary in patients with T2DM to improve early diagnosis of TB and T2DM. This would promote better management of both conditions.

High-throughput sequencing of the antibody repertoire is enabling a thorough analysis of B cell diversity and clonal selection, which may improve the novel antibody discovery process. Theoretically, an adequate bioinformatic analysis could allow identification of candidate antigen-specific antibodies, requiring their recombinant production for experimental validation of their specificity. Gene synthesis is commonly used for the generation of recombinant antibodies identified in silico. Novel strategies that bypass gene synthesis could offer more accessible antibody identification and validation alternatives. We developed a hybridization-based recovery strategy that targets the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDRH3) for the enrichment of cDNA of candidate antigen-specific antibody sequences. Ten clonal groups of interest were identified through bioinformatic analysis of the heavy chain antibody repertoire of mice immunized with hen egg white lysozyme (HEL). cDNA from eight of the targeted clonal groups was recovered efficiently, leading to the generation of recombinant antibodies. One representative heavy chain sequence from each clonal group recovered was paired with previously reported anti-HEL light chains to generate full antibodies, later tested for HEL-binding capacity. The recovery process proposed represents a simple and scalable molecular strategy that could enhance antibody identification and specificity assessment, enabling a more cost-efficient generation of recombinant antibodies.

Chagas disease, a zoonosis transmitted mainly by hematophagous insects of the subfamily Triatominae, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs: TcI-TcVI and Tcbat).

Background: Triatomine bugs are natural vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi , which causes Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis. The role of sylvatic triatomine species as vectors of T . cruzi in Mexico remains to be fully understood. Our research on the epidemiology of Chagas disease in Southeastern Mexico involved sampling triatomines in rural settings. Materials and Methods: A triatomine was collected in a peridomestic environment of a rural dwelling in the state of Chiapas. The triatomine was identified morphologically as an adult female Eratyrus cuspidatus Stal. Results: Microscopic analysis revealed flagellate forms of T. cruzi in the feces of the E . cuspidatus collected. This was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Amplification of the mini-exon gene showed that the T. cruzi infecting E . cuspidatus corresponded to lineage I. Conclusions: This is the first report from Mexico of E . cuspidatus found infected in a human dwelling, which represents an important adaptation process to inhabit human environments.

Trypanosoma cruzi exhibits substantial genetic diversity, classified into discrete typing units (DTUs) that may differ in geographical distribution, host associations, and epidemiological relevance. Although several DTUs have been reported in Mexico, evidence on their national distribution across vectors, reservoirs, and humans remains fragmented. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize available information on the geographical distribution, host associations, and epidemiological cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs in Mexico. Seven scientific databases were searched for studies published between January 2006 and July 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on studies reporting molecular identification of T. cruzi DTUs in vectors, reservoirs, and humans within Mexican territory. Forty-seven studies were analyzed, providing a total of 1,337 individual records. The analysis confirmed the circulation of six DTUs (TcI-TcVI) in 22 states, with TcBat being absent from the records. TcI was identified as the most frequent and widely distributed lineage, present in 20 of the 22 states. Veracruz documented the highest genetic diversity, with all six DTUs reported. The genus Triatoma and domestic dogs exhibited the highest diversity of reported DTUs, acting as key epidemiological bridges between transmission cycles. TcI is the predominant lineage in Mexico, demonstrating high connectivity across all transmission cycles. This systematic review highlights significant information gaps in northern Mexico and underscores the need for strengthened surveillance to better understand the impact of T. cruzi genetic diversity on public health.