A variety of skull shapes are frequently used for discrimination between animal species, breeds, and sexes. In this study, skulls of three different breeds of cats were examined by the geometric morphometric method, with the aim of revealing skull shape differences. For this purpose, 27 cats (6 British Shorthair, 7 Scottish Fold, and 14 Van cats) were used. The skulls of cats were modeled by computed tomography. Geometric morphometrics was applied using dorsal (8 landmarks, 63 semilandmarks) and lateral (8 landmarks, 63 semilandmarks) skull projections on these models. Centroid size differences between the breeds were statistically insignificant. However, the differences in shape were statistically significant for both the dorsal view and lateral view. Shape variation was less in the British Shorthair than in other breeds. Shape differences generally occurred around the orbit. In the skull of Scottish Folds, the orbit was situated more caudally than in other breeds. The British Shorthair had the largest orbital ring. In dorsal view, the Scottish Fold had the largest orbital diameter. The orbital ring of Van cats was smallest in both dorsal and lateral views. In the canonical variate analysis, it was seen that the breeds were separated from each other. The shape difference in the skull between different cat breeds could be revealed by geometric morphometrics. The results of this study provide useful information for taxonomy.

Background: This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of global trends in ‘artificial intelligence studies in veterinary medicine’. The analysis aims to summarise the publications of researchers from various disciplines related to artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine, thereby predicting future trends of AI in this field. The primary objective of the study is to investigate publications pertaining to artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine worldwide and to analyse trends and future developments in this area. Methods: This bibliometric study examines artificial intelligence research in veterinary medicine conducted worldwide from 1990 to 2024. To achieve this, a search using the keywords ‘artificial intelligence’ and ‘veterinary medicine’ was performed in the Web of Science (WOS) database, resulting in the identification of 1497 studies. After excluding irrelevant publications and those outside the scope of articles, a total of 1400 articles were included in the analysis. The data collection process utilised titles, author names, publication years, journal names, and citation counts. All textual data were analysed using VOSviewer software to ensure accuracy and reliability. In this study, analyses conducted through text mining and data visualisation techniques (e.g., bubble maps) facilitated a clearer understanding of the results. Results: This study presents information about 1400 articles obtained from the WOS database and a total of 44,700 citations for these articles. The average number of citations per article is 32, with an H‐index of 74. A rapid increase in both the number of articles and citations has been observed since 2019. The majority of the articles (30%) were published in the fields of veterinary sciences, artificial intelligence, and computer sciences. The United States, Taiwan and the United Kingdom are the leading countries, accounting for 84% of the published articles in this field. Additionally, 12% of the articles were published in the area of veterinary sciences, and 85% of the articles fall within the SCI‐Expanded category. Conclusions: The findings of our study indicate that there are numerous active researchers in the field of artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine and that research in this area is steadily increasing. This bibliometric analysis highlights global trends and significant works in artificial intelligence within veterinary medicine, providing valuable insights into the future directions of research in this field. As the analysis aims solely to identify trends and patterns in the literature, it does not intend to evaluate the applicability of the subject matter. Highlights: Analysis of Global Trends : This study comprehensively analyses the global trends and effects of research on artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine. In this context, it contributes to the identification of significant changes and developments in the literature. Rapidly Spreading Research : Research on artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine has rapidly expanded in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue. The increase in studies indicates an expansion of knowledge and applications in this field. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tools : Artificial intelligence research serves as a valuable tool in veterinary medicine, particularly in improving the diagnosis and treatment processes for various diseases. This contributes to the development of more effective methods for animal health and care. Increasing Number of Publications : The number of studies on artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine worldwide is increasing each year. Notably, after the Covid‐19 pandemic, there has been a significant rise in publications in this field. This indicates that the importance of artificial intelligence in both human and animal health has grown, with the pandemic intensifying research interest. Prominent Countries : Among the countries examined in the study, the United States, Taiwan, England, and Germany emerged as leaders in this research area. Conversely, it was noted that some countries have very few or no academic publications in the field of artificial intelligence in veterinary medicine.

This study was conducted to make the three-dimensional modelling of the skull in Van cats by using computed tomographic images and to determine the morphometric features between sexes. The skulls of 16 adult Van cats were used in the study. The skulls of the anesthetized animals were scanned by using a Computed Tomography (CT) device and their images were obtained. These images were converted to a three-dimensional structure using MIMICS 20.1 software and their morphometric measurements were calculated. It was determined in the study that total length of the skull (TLS), facial length (FCL), upper neurocranium length (UNCL), greatest length of the nasal (GLN), maximum zygomatic width (MZW), condylobasal length (CBL), basal length (BL), median palatal length (MPL), palatal length (PL), least palatal breadth (LPB), length of the cheek tooth row (LCR), greatest inner height of the orbit (GIHO), skull height (SH), and volumetric measurement values were statistically significantly higher in the male cats; whereas, breadth dorsal to the external auditory meatus (BEAM) and neurocranium length (NL) measurement values were statistically significantly higher in the female cats (P<0.05). In conclusion, the statistical differences between the sexes in terms of biometric values of skull of Van cats were determined. Present study would be beneficial to veterinary physicians in the surgical and clinical practice fields and to the studies in the field of zooarchaeology as well as being guiding for determining the typology of Van cats among the cat species and its differences from other species.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the pelvimetric values obtained from radiographic pelvis images of budgerigars in terms of sexual dimorphism. The objectives included determining linear osteometric and angle measurements of the pelvis, as well as calculating the length‐to‐width ratios among different pelvimetric measurements. Additionally, the study aimed to reveal the correlations between age and body weight with both the pelvimetric measurements and ratio measurements in these animals.Methods: In this study, measurements of linear distance, angle and length‐to‐width ratios were obtained from ventrodorsal images of the pelvis in a sample of 60 budgerigars, consisting of 30 males and 30 females. Subsequently, the statistical analysis of the obtained measurement values was performed.Results: When analysing the morphometric measurement values based on sex, it was observed that all linear measurements (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, L8, L9, L10 and L11) were higher in males, whereas the angle measurements (A1, LA2 and RA2) were found to be significantly greater in females (p < 0.05). Additionally, both male and female budgerigars exhibited a greater pre‐acetabular length of the ilium compared to the post‐acetabular length. Moreover, there were mostly positive significant correlations between age and body weight with the pelvic measurement values in both sexes (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The obtained biometric measurement values from pelvimetric X‐ray images in budgerigars were analysed to assess sexual dimorphism. Furthermore, this study presents fundamental morphometric data that can be valuable for clinical, taxonomic, phylogenetic, ornithological, allometric and characterization studies of budgerigars.

Introduction: This study determined the presence of nitric oxide synthesis isoforms (nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS) in thoracic spinal cord segments and nodose ganglia of rats with gamma-irradiated livers. Material and Methods: Male rats (n = 32) were divided into equal groups A, B, C, and D. In group A, the controls, no radiation was applied, while groups B, C, and D received 10 Gy of ionising gamma radiation. The rats of group B were euthanized at the end of the first day (d1), those of group C on the second day (d2), and those of group D on the third day (d3). The liver, spinal cord segments, and nodose ganglion tissues were dissected and fixed, and the liver sections were examined histopathologically. The other tissues were observed through a light microscope. Results: Regeneration occurred at the end of d3 in hepatocytes which were radiation-damaged at the end of d1 and d2. On d1, some nNOS-positive staining was found in the neuronal cells of laminae I–III of the spinal cord and in neurons of the nodose ganglion, and on d3, some staining was observed in lamina X of the spinal cord, while none of note was in the nodose ganglion. Dense iNOS-positive staining was seen on d1 in the ependymal cells of the spinal cord and in the glial cells of the nodose ganglion, and on d3, there was still considerable iNOS staining in both tissues. There was clear eNOS-positive staining in the capillary endothelial cells of the spinal cord and light diffuse cytoplasmic staining in the neurons of the nodose ganglion on d1, and on d3, intense eNOS-positive staining was visible in several endothelial cells of the spinal cord, while light nuclear staining was recognised in the neurons of the nodose ganglion. Conclusion: The nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS isoforms are activated in the spinal cord and nodose ganglion of rats after ionising radiation insult to the liver.