It is hard to trust any data entry on online websites as some websites may be malicious, and gather data for illegal or unintended use. For example, bank login and credit card information can be misused for financial theft. To make users aware of the digital safety of websites, we have tried to identify and learn the pattern on a dataset consisting of features of malicious and benign websites. We treated the problem of differentiation between malicious and benign websites as a classification problem and applied several machine learning techniques, for example, random forest, decision tree, logistic regression, and support vector machines to this data. Several evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and false positive rate, were used to evaluate the performance of each classification technique. Since the dataset was imbalanced, the machine learning models developed a bias during training toward a specific class of websites. Multiple data balancing techniques, for example, undersampling, oversampling, and SMOTE, were applied for balancing the dataset and removing the bias. Our experiments showed that after balancing the data, the random forest algorithm using the oversampling technique showed the best results in all evaluation metrics for the benign and malicious website feature dataset.

Fostering crop health is vital for global food security, underscoring the need for effective disease detection. This research introduces an innovative artificial intelligence (AI) model designed to enhance the detection and diagnosis of diseases in tomato plants, particularly focusing on Early Blight and Late Blight. Significantly, our model leverages cutting-edge image processing techniques to improve disease detection efficiency, outperforming traditional methods in terms of speed and accuracy. Our results demonstrate an impressive model accuracy of 92.58% on training data and 86.83% on validation data, showing the effectiveness of AI in diagnosing plant diseases. These high accuracy rates underline the potential of our model for timely disease classification, allowing for immediate and appropriate interventions. However, our research also identified a potential overfitting problem in the model’s performance. To address this, we propose using regularization and data augmentation techniques to enhance the model’s generalizability on unseen data. Additionally, we delve into inherent challenges that plague AI-based plant disease detection, such as the scarcity of diverse datasets and the difficulty of achieving broad generalizability across different plant species. In identifying potential solutions for these issues, our research lays the groundwork for the wider and more practical implementation of AI technologies in agriculture.