Early clinical diagnosis, effective intraoperative guidance, and an accurate prognosis can lead to timely and effective medical treatment. The current conventional clinical methods have several limitations. Therefore, there is a need to develop faster and more reliable clinical detection, treatment, and monitoring methods to enhance their clinical applications. Raman spectroscopy is noninvasive and provides highly specific information about the molecular structure and biochemical composition of analytes in a rapid and accurate manner. It has a wide range of applications in biomedicine, materials, and clinical settings. This review primarily focuses on the application of Raman spectroscopy in clinical medicine. The advantages and limitations of Raman spectroscopy over traditional clinical methods are discussed. In addition, the advantages of combining Raman spectroscopy with machine learning, nanoparticles, and probes are demonstrated, thereby extending its applicability to different clinical phases. Examples of the clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy over the last 3 years are also integrated. Finally, various prospective approaches based on Raman spectroscopy in clinical studies are surveyed, and current challenges are discussed.

DNA nanoparticles hold great promise for a range of biological applications, including the development of cutting-edge treatments and diagnostic tests. Their subnanometer-level addressability enables precise, specific modifications with a variety of chemical and biological entities, making them ideal as diagnostic instruments and carriers for targeted delivery. This paper focuses on the potential of DNA nanomaterials, which offer scalability, programmability, and functionality. For example, they can be engineered to provide highly specific biosensing and bioimaging capabilities and show promise as a platform for disease diagnosis and treatment. Successful operation of various biomedical nanomaterials has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. However, there are still significant challenges to overcome, including the need to improve the scalability and reliability of the technology, and to ensure safety in clinical applications. We discuss these challenges and opportunities in detail and highlight the progress and prospects of DNA nanotechnology for biomedical applications.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most severe complication of diabetes mellitus and has poor prognosis, often progressing to end‐stage renal disease, causing substantial morbidity and mortality globally. While the pathogenesis of DKD has been extensively characterised, including glomerular hyperfiltration, podocyte injury, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, recent findings underscore renal tubular injury as a pivotal contributor to DKD progression. High glucose levels and lipid accumulation result in tubular injury, followed by oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, programmed cell death, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and intercellular crosstalk, all of which exacerbate tubular dysfunction in DKD. Notably, biomarkers of renal tubular injury, including kidney injury molecule‐1, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin, liver fatty acid‐binding protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, N‐acetyl‐beta‐glucosidase, and retinol‐binding protein, along with other promising novel biomarkers, emerge earlier than microalbuminuria and serve as novel diagnostic indicators for early DKD detection. Therapeutically, we critically evaluate both established agents and emerging strategies, including hypoglycemic agents, anti‐oxidative stress therapies, anti‐inflammatory therapies, anti‐cell death therapies, and stem cell therapy, showing promise for mitigating DKD‐related tubular damage. This comprehensive review constructs a logical framework linking molecular mechanisms, novel biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies for renal tubular injury in DKD. By bridging molecular mechanisms with actionable therapeutic strategies, this review highlights the pivotal role of tubulopathy in DKD pathogenesis and its implications for early diagnosis and intervention strategies.

The complex etiology and spectrum of kidney diseases necessitate vigilant attention; the focus on early diagnosis and intervention in kidney diseases remains a critical issue in medical research. Recently, with the expanding studies on extracellular vesicles, exosomes have garnered increasing interest as a promising tool for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that transport a diverse array of bioactive substances, which can influence various pathological processes associated with kidney diseases and exhibit detrimental or beneficial effects. Within the kidney, exosomes derived from the glomeruli and renal tubules possess the ability to enter systemic circulation or urine. The biomarkers they carry can reflect alterations in the pathological state of the kidneys, thereby offering novel avenues for early diagnosis. Furthermore, research studies have confirmed that exosomes originating from multiple cell types exhibit therapeutic potential in treating kidney disease; notably, those derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown significant treatment efficacy. This comprehensive review summarizes the contributions of exosomes from different cell types within the kidneys while exploring their physiological and pathological roles therein. Additionally, we emphasize recent advancements in exosome applications for the diagnosis and treatment of various forms of kidney diseases over the past decades. We not only introduce the urinary and blood biomarkers linked to kidney diseases found within exosomes but also explore their therapeutic effects. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and future directions concerning the clinical applications of exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Background: Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis that results in considerable morbidity, mortality, and increased healthcare costs. A positive culture-based microorganism test is one of the main criteria for the diagnosis of peritonitis. However, the rates of positive bacterial culture remain quite low. Summary: Peritonitis is a frequently encountered and consequential complication of peritoneal dialysis that poses a significant clinical burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The reliance on culture-positive microbiological tests as a cornerstone of peritonitis diagnosis often results in a relatively low rate of positive results. Key Messages: This article aimed to present a comprehensive synthesis and critical analysis of the most recent diagnostic modalities used to identify peritonitis-associated pathogens in peritoneal dialysis. Emphasis was placed on both direct diagnostic tools for pathogen identification and rapid detection methodologies that facilitate expedited pathogen diagnosis in peritonitis.