Transformers are the most important elements in the power system. Due to their mass and complexity, they require constant monitoring and maintenance. Maintenance of power transformers increases the availability of the power system. The large number of substations and the specifics of their locations make condition-based maintenance (CBM) useful as part of the system’s on-demand response. Unlike other system responses, the transformer contains a large amount of uncertain information, both qualitative and numerical. A large amount of information is necessary to implement CBM, but due to the often incomplete information, an analysis tool is essential. In this paper, a multi-level condition assessment framework based on evidential reasoning is proposed. A model for condition-based maintenance of a power transformer and procedures for the aggregation process based on evidential reasoning are presented. The implementation of the decomposition model with appropriate weights of a baseline and general attributes was made. Based on the decomposition model, the data and ratings of baseline attributes were collected. By carrying out the aggregation process, the ratings of the baseline attributes, as well as the ratings of the condition of the individual elements and the overall rating of the system condition as a whole, for several points in time, were obtained. The scientific contribution of the work is the proposal of an analysis that provides an insight into the condition of a complex technical system based on a single numerical value, thus determining its priority in the maintenance process.

Circuit breakers (CBs) in the transmission network are the basic elements for energy flow control. CB diagnosis represents a decisive action for increasing power system reliability and safety. Their actual availability status and ability to perform major functions can sometimes be difficult to determine. This paper presents a general state estimation model based on fuzzy logic (FL), membership function (MF), and expert knowledge for diagnosis schemes to handle unclear information in the diagnosis procedure. The proposed model uses inputs from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, data on the position and state of the switch, changes in current in the network element CB (NECB), start or trip action of a protection relay on the NECB, and alarm status of the CB. For the diagnostic system input variables, data from the SCADA system, along with transformer and line protection devices, are used to allow the proper formation of rules and ultimately to determine the diagnostic status of the CB. The proposed method is tested on an authentic test power system, and the outcome results are compared with a previously reported technique. The obtained test results and the comparison prove the efficiency, authenticity, and fast operation feature of the suggested strategy.

As Internet of Things (IoT), communication convergence, and distributed computing are maturing, many new solutions are invented or derived every day, bringing new products and services to society. This paper elaborates on an industrial-grade information technology (IT) component upgrade to an existing ESP32 IoT device and the addition of new data communication layers to its capabilities. The aim of this research is to explore and propose new IT products to upgrade the first-generation smart furniture product. The proposed upgrades postulate a technological leap ahead in terms of (1) connectivity; (2) connection security; (3) product life-cycle management; and (4) integration (including sustainable product development). A distinct difference from the existing solution is presented in the aforementioned categories. The research points to a possible product that accommodates requirements and a niche of products that can be used, while eliminating other form factors. The process itself proves a point in the favor of the chosen IT product, providing confirmation of the hypotheses. Even though software and application security are not focal points of the discussion in this paper, these elements are generally presented as their presence is necessary in the modern convergence of communication methods.