The chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of three Lamiaceae species from Uzbekistan was investigated by GC-MS analysis. β-Linalool (26.6%), α-terpineol (10.0%), coumarin (8.9%) and 4,5,7,7α-tetrahydro-4,4,7α-trimethyl-2(6H)-benzofuranone (5.4%) resulted as the main components of Ajuga turkestanica essential oil, while camphene (17.1%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%), β-cymene (7.9%) and limonene (7.4%) in Phlomis regelii. The essential oil of Thymus seravschanicus was dominated by thymol (37.5%), phellandral (26.0%), τ-terpinene (6.6%) and β-cymene (5.2%). The essential oils had considerable antimicrobial activity against different bacterial strains and fungi. Among the tested samples of essential oils, P. regelii essential oil has the significant antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ value of 117.8 ± 8.02 μg/mL.

According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that by 2050, drug-resistant infections could cause up to 10 million deaths annually. Therefore, finding a new generation of antibiotics is crucial. Natural compounds from endophytic fungi are considered a potential source of new-generation antibiotics. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of ethyl acetate extracts of nine endophytic fungal isolates obtained from Hyssopus officinalis were investigated for bioassay-guided isolation of the natural compounds. An extract of isolate VII showed the highest antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (30.12 ± 0.20 mm and 35.21 ± 0.20 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30.41 ± 0.23 mm and 25.12 ± 0.25 mm) among the tested extracts of isolates. Molecular identification of isolate VII confirmed it as Chaetomium elatum based on sequencing of its ITS genes, and it was discovered that this was the first time C. elatum had been isolated from H. officinalis. This isolate was cultured at a large scale for the isolation and identification of the active compound. Penicillic acid was isolated for the first time from C. elatum and its chemical structure was established by NMR spectroscopy. The penicillic acid showed strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with 20.68 mm and 25.51 mm inhibition zones, respectively. In addition, MIC and MBC values and antibiofilm activities of penicillic acid were determined. It was found that penicillic acid reduced the level of biofilms in proportion to antibacterial activity.

Essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Phlomis bucharica, P. salicifolia and P. sewerzowii were determined using GC-FID and GC-MS methods. A total of 76 components were identified in the three species representing 97.12, 88.34, and 96.41% of the whole oil, respectively. High percentages of thymol (20.41%) and camphor (14.46%) exist in P. bucharica oil. Methyl palmitate predominates in P. salicifolia oil representing 51.15% whereas thymol (35.76%) is the major constituent in P. sewerzowii essential oil. GC-MS analyses showed that P. bucharica and P. sewerzowii are more closely related comparable to P. salicifolia. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was assessed against different microorganisms using agar-disc diffusion and broth microdilution assay. Among the three tested species, the essential oil of P. salicifolia showed the highest antibacterial activity.

Derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione exhibit a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial (e.g., compounds 31d–k, 32d, 36f), antitumor (e.g., 71, 77a–c, 82g, 94h), anti-inflammatory, analgesic (100a, 102, 105), antidiabetic, and antioxidant (104, 138) activity. These compounds can be efficiently synthesized by classical methods (e.g., cyclization of thiosemicarbazides) and/or modern “green” approaches, which allow for obtaining target compounds in high yields (up to 96%). The presence of electron-donating groups (e.g., -OH, -OCH₃) enhances antimicrobial and antitumor activity. Substituents in the aromatic ring (e.g., NO₂, Cl) affect the ability to bind to biological targets such as DNA or enzymes. 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones can also be used as fungicides and herbicides (e.g., 131), demonstrating high efficiency against phytopathogens. Thus, 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivatives are multifunctional compounds with high potential for the development of new drugs and agrochemicals. Their further study and modification can lead to the creation of more effective and safer drugs.