Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is useful as an antioxidant, immunomodulator, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Eco-enzymes can enhance ginger growth and increase phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to identify the composition of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. The study was designed in a completely randomized design in 3 replications. This study consisted of 4 treatments: without eco-enzymes, 0.1% eco-enzymes, 0.3% eco-enzymes and 0.5% eco-enzymes. The phytochemical content of the ginger rhizome eight months after planting and its antioxidant activity were measured using various methods, such as the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the spectrophotometric method for measuring total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). The study showed that ginger rhizome contained flavonoids, phenolic and terpenoid compounds in all treatments. Eco-enzymes significantly increased ginger rhizome's flavonoid and phenolic content (p<0.05). The results obtained are non-linear because the higher the concentration of eco-enzyme, both the flavonoid, phenolic, and antioxidant activity values are non-linear. The highest flavonoid content was obtained from ginger, with an eco-enzyme concentration of 0.3%, which was 0.11%, while the highest phenolic content was found at a concentration of 0.5%, 53.54%. In contrast, the percentage of inhibition in the DPPH test was 73.65%. Red ginger with 0.5% eco-enzyme has potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.238 ppm. With the help of eco-enzymes, red ginger can be transformed into antioxidant-rich food products that are environmentally friendly.

Herbal medicine is one of the most used adjuvant and alternative therapies by people with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. This is alongside conventional MetS risk treatments. Black Seed Oil(BSO) is a medicinal plant most widely used worldwide as the most excellent form of healing medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BSO as adjuvant therapy on levels of NF-κB in patients with MetS risk. This prospective was conducted at Jetis I Public Health Center (PHC), Yogyakarta, Indonesia. After confirmation of diagnosis, sixty-two patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Approval from the institutional ethical committee was also obtained. The patients with MetS risk were divided into two groups (n=31). In group I (the BSO group), the patients have advised BSO 3mL/day for 20 days. In group II (the Control group), the patients have advised a placebo for 20days. The level of NF-κB was estimated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The median values between groups were tested with Mann-Whitney with a significance of P=0.05). Adjuvant therapy of BSO doses of 3 mL/day could not increase levels of NF-κB in the patients with MetS risk at Jetis I PHC, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A larger study with adequate sample size and long-term supplementation with BSO is recommended.

ABSTRAKBuah delima (Punica granatum L.) secara empiris digunakan untuk mengobati masalah gigi dan mulut seperti sariawan. Pengembangan obat sariawan berbasis herbal dengan bentuk sediaan patch dilakukan untuk mempertahankan waktu kontak antara zat aktif dengan bagian sariawan. Polivinilpirolidon (PVP) digunakan sebagai polimer karena sifatnya mukoadhesif sehingga mampu berikatan pada mukosa mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan PVP sebagai polimer mukoadhesif terhadap karakteristik fisik sediaan patch yang mengandung ekstrak kulit buah delima (EKBD). EKBD diperoleh dengan metode maserasi. Konsentrasi EKBD yang digunakan adalah 5% dan 10%. Sedangkan konsentrasi polimer PVP yang digunakan yaitu 30,29%, 33,04, 48,75%, dan 65,5%. Patch selanjutnya akan di evaluasi fisik yang meliputi keseragaman bobot dan dimensi ketebalan, pH permukaan, swelling, daya lekat, dan waktu lekat. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa patch yang mengandung ekstrak 10% dengan tambahan polimer konsentrasi 30,29% memiliki sifat yang cukup elastis disbanding dengan konsentrasi 48,75% dan 65,5%. Sedangkan uji evaluasi fisik menghasilkan keseragaman bobot dan dimensi yang seragam, pH 6,63, rata-rata indeks swelling 40,69% ± 16, dan rata-rata daya dan waktu lekat 13,50 ± 11,6. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi PVP terbukti berpengaruh pada sifat fisik patch yang dihasilkan. Kata kunci : Polivinilpirolidon; Ekstrak Kulit Buah Delima; Patch.ABSTRACTPomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is empirically used to treat dental and mouth problems such as reccurent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The development of RAS therapy based on herbal with patches dosage forms is carried out to maintain the contact time between the active substance and the RAS. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is used as a polymer because it is mucoadhesive, so it can bind to the oral mucosa. Aimed to determine the effect of the use of PVP as a mucoadhesive polymer on the physical characteristics of patches preparations containing pomegranate peel extract (PPE). PPE was obtained by maceration method. The PPE concentration used were 5% and 10%. PVP concentration used were 30.29%, 33.04%, 48.75%, and 65.5%. The patches properties such as uniformity of thickness, pH, swelling index, tensile and mucoadhesive strength. The results showed that patches containing 10% extract and PVP concentration of 30.29% had sufficient elastic properties compared to both concentration. While the physical evaluation test obtained uniform weights and dimensions that are uniform, pH 6.63, the average swelling index is 40.69% ± 16, and the tensile and mucoadhesive strength is 13.50 ± 11.6. Altogether, the concentration of PVP is proven to affect the physical properties of the resulting patch.Key word : Polyvinylpyrrolidone; Pomegranate Peel Extract; Patch.

Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest Muslim population in the world. So that public awareness and knowledge related to halal product guarantees is very important, one of which is the guarantee on pharmaceutical products. The purpose of this study was to determine the high level of knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of consumers at the UNISIA 24 Taman Sari Yogyakarta Pharmacy. The research was conducted from March to May 2023. This research is a descriptive observational type. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire and the data results are processed using statistical analysis applications. The results showed, at the level of knowledge it was known that 53% were categorized as good, 45% were categorized as sufficient and 2% were categorized as deficient. In perception, it is known that 92% are categorized as good and 9% are categorized as sufficient, in attitude it is known that 87% of respondents are categorized as good and 13% are categorized as sufficient. Based on this, it can be concluded that the average value of the level of knowledge (77%), perception (83%) and consumer attitudes (84%) towards the halalness of drugs at the UNISIA 24 Taman Sari Yogyakarta Pharmacy is in the good category.

Hypertension (HT) is still a health problem in the world, including in Indonesia. Hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) will have an impact on worsening conditions and multi-complications, including macrovascular, microvascular, and insulin resistance complications. This can be prevented by providing appropriate and rational therapy so that the effectiveness of therapy is achieved and avoid worsening conditions and complications. This study aims to determine the pattern of antihypertensive drug use in HT patients with comorbid T2DM in the outpatient installation of Panembahan Senopati Hospital, Bantul for the period of August 2023. The study was designed with a descriptive non-experimental method, cross-sectional with a retrospective approach. The source of research data is secondary data derived from medical records of HT patients with T2DM for the period of August 2023 with data collection by purposive sampling. A total of 157 HT patients met the inclusion criteria in this study with the prevalence of women (n = 106; 67.50%) and men (n = 51; 32.50%), most ages in the 55-65 year range (n = 57; 36.30%). A total of 66 patients (42.10%) received monotherapy, while 91 (57.90) patients received polytherapy. Candesartan (n=80; 27.68%) and Amlodipine (n=78; 26.99%) monotherapy with oral administration were the most common treatment options in this study. Overall, the most widely used drug classes were Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) (41.18%), Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) (32.5%), and Diuretics (14.1%). While the most common combination of drug groups is ARB + CCB (24.8%). This study concluded that the use of drugs mainly was polytherapy and in general the use of antihypertensive drugs consisted of 7 classes of drugs namely Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Diuretics, ẞ- blockers, Centrally-acting Agents, ACE-Inhibitors, Vasodilators

Diabetes mellitus has become a major public health concern, with Indonesia ranking fifth globally in prevalence, affecting approximately 19.5 million people. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between knowledge and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving oral antidiabetic therapy at the Prambanan Community Health Center. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed involving 50 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire-24 (DKQ-24) and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). The results showed that 56% of respondents had a good level of knowledge and 52% demonstrated high adherence to oral antidiabetic therapy. Statistical analysis using Spearman’s rho revealed a significant positive correlation between knowledge and medication adherence (p = 0.003; r = 0.357). These findings indicate that higher patient knowledge contributes to better adherence behavior. Strengthening diabetes education and pharmacist counseling is recommended to enhance treatment adherence and optimize glycemic control in primary healthcare settings.