Vibrio cholerae causes cholera and can switch between planktonic and biofilm lifeforms, where biofilm formation enhances transmission, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Due to antibiotic microbial resistance, new antimicrobials including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the metabolic changes exerted by AgNPs on both microbial lifeforms. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in the metabolomic profile of V. cholerae planktonic and biofilm cells in response to sublethal concentrations of AgNPs using MS2 untargeted metabolomics and chemoinformatics. A total of 690 metabolites were quantified among all groups. More metabolites were significantly modulated in planktonic cells (n = 71) compared to biofilm (n = 37) by the treatment. The chemical class profiles were distinct for both planktonic and biofilm, suggesting a phenotype-dependent metabolic response to the nanoparticles. Chemical enrichment analysis showed altered abundances of oxidized fatty acids (FA), saturated FA, phosphatidic acids, and saturated stearic acid in planktonic cells treated with AgNPs, which hints at a turnover of the membrane. In contrast, no chemical classes were enriched in the biofilm. In conclusion, this study suggests that the response of V. cholerae to silver nanoparticles is phenotype-dependent and that planktonic cells experience a lipid remodeling process, possibly related to an adaptive mechanism involving the cell membrane.

Grape production is one of the most agronomically important activities worldwide. However, it is threatened by diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms, which cause severe economic losses. The primary strategy to control phytopathogenic fungi is the application of fungicides; however, they affect the environment and induce resistance in fungi. Nanomaterials, especially those green-synthesized, emerge as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to control fungal pathogens. The objective of this work is to evaluate the sensitivity of fungal phytopathogens to biosynthesized copper-oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). Nanoparticles were evaluated as preventive and corrective treatments in grapevine green tissues and fruits under field conditions, using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches. Interestingly, corrective treatment was highly effective and showed little accumulation of Cu on the fruits, even less than a commercial copper-based fungicide. Moreover, we report that Aspergillus niger causes lesions in photosynthetic tissues and severe disease symptoms in grapes. We also describe for the first time the presence of Alternaria alternata causing lesions, mainly on the stems and young leaves of grapevine plants in Mexico. These pathogens were inhibited by the biosynthesized CuONPs. All these findings show the effectiveness of using CuONPs to control phytopathogenic fungi, even under field conditions, shedding light on their potential use in agriculture with a less environmental impact than the commercial fungicides and agrochemicals currently used.

El patógeno humano Vibrio cholerae, agente etiológico del cólera, es constantemente monitoreado debido a su virulencia, persistencia y antecedentes pandémicos. V. cholerae continúa siendo un organismo de importancia clínica debido a su rápida adaptación y reciente adquisición de resistencia a agentes antimicrobianos. En busca de un tratamiento alternativo, los nanoantibióticos se han reportado como efectivos agentes antimicrobianos en una gran variedad de bacterias. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los mecanismos de defensa y estrategias de sobrevivencia que V. cholerae utiliza para resistir el efecto de los nanoantibióticos, así como presentar los reportes mas significativos en su uso y control de V. cholerae. Se reporta que V. cholerae emplea diversas estrategias de sobrevivencia y tiene la capacidad de adquirir elementos genéticos móviles extracromosómicos, lo cual la hace antimicrobiano, resistencia, biomédica. altamente persistente en los ecosistemas, así como un patógeno hiperinfecioso y multiresistente. Diversos nanoantibióticos con actividad antimicrobiana han sido probados en el genero Vibrio. Para V. cholerae se reporta susceptibilidad a nanopartículas de Plata (AgNP), de óxido de Zinc (ZnONP), y de óxido de Cobre (CuONP), provocando alteraciones como estrés oxidativo, daño en integridad de membrana e incremento de la permeabilidad, daño en proteínas y DNA, cambios en la expresión de porinas y en genes relacionados a la formación de biopelículas, entre otras. Parece posible la aplicación de nanoantibióticos para en el tratamiento y control del cólera, sin embargo, es necesario conocer los mecanismos de resistencia y sobrevivencia de V. cholerae ante los nanoantibióticos, así determinar el grado de citotoxicidad in vivo para su posible aplicación biomédica.