As technology advances toward ongoing circuit miniaturization and device size reduction followed by improved power density, heat dissipation is becoming a key challenge for electronic equipment. Heat accumulation can be prevented if the heat from electrical equipment is efficiently exported, ensuring a device’s lifespan and dependability and preventing otherwise possible mishaps or even explosions. Hence, thermal management applications, which include altering the role of aerogels from thermally insulative to thermally conductive, have recently been a hot topic for 3D-aerogel-based thermal interface materials. To completely comprehend three-dimensional (3D) networks, we categorized and comparatively analyzed aerogels based on carbon nanomaterials, namely fibers, nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide, which have capabilities that may be fused with boron nitride and impregnated for better thermal performance and mechanical stability by polymers, including epoxy, cellulose, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). An alternative route is presented in the comparative analysis by carbonized cellulose. As a result, the development of structurally robust and stiff thermally conductive aerogels for electronic packaging has been predicted to increase polymer thermal management capabilities. The latest trends include the self-organization of an anisotropic structure on several hierarchical levels within a 3D framework. In this study, we highlight and analyze the recent advances in 3D-structured thermally conductive aerogels, their potential impact on the next generation of electronic components based on advanced nanocomposites, and their future prospects.

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is a highly relevant and aggravating environmental problem, which is a concern not only for specialists in various fields but also for everyone who cares about the future of our Planet. The ever-increasing production of polymers and the expanding use of plastic products escalates MP concentrations in the Earth's ecosystem. The need to control the accumulation and spread of MPs is caused by the current crisis, in which no microplastic-free areas have remained on the Earth. The number of studies dealing with the existing and potential threat to living organisms from the accumulation and consumption of MPs is increasing every year. The aim of this review is to systematize the available information on the occurrence of MPs in the environment and briefly describe the main types of polymer materials acting as MP sources and mechanisms of MP formation and transport in the environment. The hazardous behaviour of MPs is analyzed by considering their impact on the physiology of aquatic and soil organisms. Special emphasis is on demonstrating the adverse environmental effects of the emissions from 3D printing with polymer materials. An overview of various methods for MP capture is given to facilitate the analysis and development of more reliable methods for MP removal and disposal. As a result of the review, we assess the long-term environmental and human health consequences of MP exposure. Understanding the mechanisms of MP formation, lifecycle in the environment, and ways of interaction with living organisms will facilitate the development of methods for controlling the spread of MPs and the design and implementation of effective techniques for environmental remediation to prevent adverse ecological consequences. The bibliography includes 244 references.

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based membranes (pellicles) and gas counterflows are used as a debris mitigation system in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Densification with volatile liquids is a well-known approach to tune the performance of SWCNT membranes. However, densification can change the gas permeability through SWCNT membranes, violating the circulation of buffer gas counterflows. In the present work, we investigate the Ar permeability through SWCNT membranes before and after densification with isopropyl alcohol in the pressure drop test. The effective diffusivity of Ar through pristine and densified SWCNT membranes is, respectively, calculated to be D_eff^pristine = 330 × 10⁹ m² s⁻¹ and D_eff^densified = 4 × 10⁹ m² s⁻¹. We developed a probabilistic model of gas penetration through SWCNT membranes. On the basis of the experimental data, the probabilities of Ar atoms penetrating through pristine and densified SWCNT membranes are estimated to be 8% and 0.1%, respectively. Structural changes in SWCNT membranes after densification with scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique are demonstrated. The bulk density of SWCNT membranes, measured using x-ray reflectometry, is found to be 0.38 and 0.89 g/cm³ before and after densification, respectively. The temporal dynamic of isopropyl alcohol evaporation from the volume of SWCNT membranes is analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results obtained using EUV and FTIR spectroscopy show that isopropyl alcohol is present in the volume of the SWCNT membrane even after the membrane has been left in vacuum (P < 0.01 Pa) for 22 h.

Anthropogenic contamination of water resources poses a critical global challenge for designing efficient adsorption-based water treatment processes. This work provides a systematic adsorption study of six graphene-based sorbents with different C/O ratios and surface chemistries for the removal of four representative cationic and anionic dyes and two broad-spectrum antibiotics (amoxicillin and norfloxacin) from aqueous solutions, including their mixtures in model wastewater. Overoxidized graphene oxide demonstrates high removal efficiencies for cationic dyes, with maximum sorption capacities of 155 mg/g for methylene blue and 175.5 mg/g for brilliant green. In contrast, under-oxidized graphene oxide shows even higher capacities for several dyes, reaching 369, 444 and 488 mg/g for methylene blue, brilliant green and Congo red, respectively. Thermally reduced graphene oxide combines partial reduction of carbon framework with residual oxygen functionalities and achieves sorption capacities of 153 mg/g for methylene blue and 209 mg/g for methyl orange. All graphene-based sorbents also effectively remove antibiotics, with maximum sorption capacities in the range of 322–487 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium are described using pseudo-second-order and nonlinear Langmuir and Sips models, enabling quantitative comparison of sorbent performance. The effectiveness of the graphene-based sorbents is further validated under near-real conditions in river water purification experiments, where dyes were present at extremely low concentrations (1 ppm). These results demonstrate that controlled oxidation and reduction of graphene oxide provide an effective route for tailoring sorbent selectivity and adsorption performance in wastewater treatment applications.

Laser-produced plasma sources of short-wavelength (1–20-nm) radiation are actively used nowadays in numerous applications, including water-window microscopy and extreme ultra-violet lithography. Suppression of laser-plasma debris (responsible for damaging optics) is crucial for the lifetime prolongation of optical systems operated with the short-wavelength radiation. Here, we examine the capability of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based membranes to decrease an InSn plasma flux containing both ions and atoms. Faraday cup measurements show that 40- and 90-nm-thick SWCNT membranes reduce the total charge transition by 20 and 130 times, respectively. The ion analyzer measurements demonstrate that ions pass through the membrane mainly due to the collisionless (ballistic) mechanism. Using scanning electron microscopy, we estimate a decrease in a plasma (ions + atoms) flux to be of 18 and 140 times for 40- and 90-nm-thick SWCNT-based membranes, respectively. The average plasma flux attenuation coefficient of SWCNT membranes is calculated as k = 0.063 ${\text{nm}}^{-1}$ .