In this paper, we introduce an integrated smart parking system. The proposed integrated smart parking system brings multiple parking service providers together under a unified platform aiming to provide one-stop parking information services to the commuters in a smart city. However, the adaptation of such a system is prone to tempering while a massive amount of data is shared among different parties which raise concerns related to trust and performance. To address this challenge, we propose a blockchain-based architecture specific to the integrated smart parking systems. Finally, we present a set of design principles which shows the applicability of our proposed blockchain-based integrated parking system.

The immense growth of the population generates a polluted environment that must be managed to ensure environmental sustainability, versatility and efficiency in our everyday lives. Particularly, the municipality is unable to cope with the increase in garbage, and many urban areas are becoming increasingly difficult to manage. The advancement of technology allows researchers to transmit data from municipal bins using smart IoT (Internet of Things) devices. These bin data can contribute to a compelling analysis of waste management instead of depending on the historical dataset. Thus, this study proposes forecasting models comprising of 1D CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent units (GRU) and bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) for time series prediction of public bins. The execution of the models is evaluated by Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Coefficient determination (R²) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). For different numbers of epochs, hidden layers, dense layers, and different units in hidden layers, the RSME values measured for 1D CNN, LSTM, GRU and Bi-LSTM models are 1.12, 1.57, 1.69 and 1.54, respectively. The best MAPE value is 1.855, which is found for the LSTM model. Therefore, our findings indicate that LSTM can be used for bin emptiness or fullness prediction for improved planning and management due to its proven resilience and increased forecast accuracy.

The Integrated Smart Parking System (ISPS) incorporates detection of empty parking spot and inappropriate parking, finds the available and different kind of parking spaces in various zones and suggest the most shortest way to reach the location. The ISPS mainly focuses on minimizing the time and maintaining a strategic distance from unnecessary traveling. There are lots of smart parking systems and a greater part of the solutions are following the conventional design approach focusing on a single parking center. However, existing single parking concentrating approached framework can't satisfy the prerequisites of the incorporated smart parking system. In this study, for ISPS the structure has been defined with the utilization of best innovations. The ISPS can help the users to search the unoccupied spaces in the user-specific area within a very short time and also can suggest the nearest location from user destination. Additionally, ISPS supports the users with automated management of parking spaces and cares about fuel utilization.

In this paper, a framework has been designed, which will maintain a blockchain-based database system. The system will be used for keeping citizens daily life data of a whole city. Basically, this data gives support to any incidence inspection team to scrutinize citizens activity in-depth, for any criminal case that needs to be investigated. To perform this forensic work a framework is required which can keep the data confidential and ensures the data will not be tampered by any party related to an investigation (citizen or personnel from forensic organizations). On the other hand, any unauthorized access from any intruder can be restricted. To prevent data tampering, a blockchain-based data structure has been used by our framework to ensure the immutability. This kind of work is not been done in a collective manner, in earlier time mostly blockchain was used with bitcoin. However, it has a huge potential we have applied this in our framework to work with our daily life activity log data.