Humic substances (HS) have been widely recognized as a plant growth promoter mainly by changes on root architecture and growth dynamics, which result in increased root size, branching and/or greater density of root hair with larger surface area. Stimulation of the H+-ATPase activity in cell membrane suggests that modifications brought about by HS are not only restricted to root structure, but are also extended to the major biochemical pathways since the driving force for most nutrient uptake is the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Changes on root exudation profile, as well as primary and secondary metabolism were also observed, though strongly dependent on environment conditions, type of plant and its ontogeny. Proteomics and genomic approaches with diverse plant species subjected to HS treatment had often shown controversial patterns of protein and gene expression. This is a clear indication that HS effects of plants are complex and involve non-linear, cross-interrelated and dynamic processes that need be treated with an interdisciplinary view. Being the humic associations recalcitrant to microbiological attack, their use as vehicle to introduce beneficial selected microorganisms to crops has been proposed. This represents a perspective for a sort of new biofertilizer designed for a sustainable agriculture, whereby plants treated with HS become more susceptible to interact with bioinoculants, while HS may concomitantly modify the structure/activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere compartment. An enhanced knowledge of the effects on plants physiology and biochemistry and interaction with rhizosphere and endophytic microbes should lead to achieve increased crop productivity through a better use of HS inputs in Agriculture.

Background: Global market of humic substances has been increasing steadily based on the perception of the multifunctional properties as plant biostimulant, microbial vehicle and plant protective agent against environmental stress. Some field assays and many experimental observations have shown that humic matter could relieve the abiotic stress effects. Here, we explored the plant chemical priming effect concept, i.e., plant preconditioning by prior exposure to an appropriate dose of humic acids with the objective to reduce toxicity from a subsequent harmful exposure to abiotic stressor, such as salinity, drought, heavy metals and humic acids themselves.Materials and methods: The prime state (PS) was characterized using traditional stress markers like proline content and catalase activity was well as the transcription level of mRNA of phytohormones-responsive genes, cell signaling, stress-responsive genes and transcription factors. A dose–response curve was built for stressor agents since maize seedlings in the PS were submitted to salinity, drought, chromium toxicity and humic acids concentration to reduce 50% of root fresh weight with respect to control plants.Results: The PS or adaptive response by biostimulation of humic substances was described at transcriptional level, where the hormonal signaling pathways including abscisic acid, gibberellic and auxins, specific abiotic functional and regulatory stress-responsive genes were positively modulated. The negative impact of stressor agents was alleviated in the maize seedlings primed by humic acids.Conclusion: Chemical priming by humic substances is a promising field tool in plant stress physiology and crop stress management.

High-external input agriculture is one of the most disruptive human activities, which have been justified by the current economic paradigm due to high productivity and the need to feed a growing population. However, we are dangerously close to the edge of the planet resources and both hunger and food insecurity has increased. Limiting the use of non-renewable chemical fertilizers and pesticides, changing water management, enhancing diversity and considering the often-neglected social dimension of agriculture are the bases to other chemical and biological technologies to agriculture. Biological inputs can stimulate the substitution of chemical inputs without questioning the current fundaments or can be adopted as a turning point to intensify the harsh processes of transition to more environmental friendly agriculture. The debate is open and our contribution is to develop the scientific basis for biological inputs that, unlike soluble fertilizers and pesticides, depend on a number of factors for its success in promoting crop yield. In this review, we showed the results obtained with the combined use of diazotrophic endophytic bacteria and humic substances in diverse crops (sugarcane, maize, tomato, common beans and pineapple), presenting the main morphological and physiological changes induced by biological technology. A snapshot of the state of the art of the use of plant growth promoting bacteria together with humic substances was provided, showing their potential especially when plants are subjected to moderate to severe abiotic stress. The number of studies reporting the combined use of plant growth promoting bacteria and humic substances is surprisingly low. There is an open avenue for research and encouraging debate is the goal. To overcome the conventional agriculture, maintaining productivity levels is more than scientific challenge, is a humanitarian duty. The biological inputs can help in this purpose.

O presente estudo foi realizado a partir de amostras de um Cambissolo Háplico Ta Eutrófico vértico, localizado em Campos dos Goytacazes, norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, e submetido ao cultivo por longo tempo com cana-de-açúcar. Em uma das áreas de coleta, a cana foi cultivada, por 55 anos, sem a queima por ocasião da colheita. Na outra, por 35 anos, houve a adição anual de cerca de 120 m³ ha-1 de vinhaça, por meio de irrigação por aspersão e colheita com a cana queimada. Outras duas áreas, respectivamente adjacentes a essas, onde se realizou a queima por ocasião da colheita durante 55 anos e não se procedeu à adição de vinhaça por 35 anos e colhida com queima do canavial, foram utilizadas para coleta de solo. As amostras foram obtidas nas profundidades de 0-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m e tiveram determinados o pH em água, o fósforo disponível, as bases trocáveis, a capacidade de troca catiônica, a saturação por bases, os teores de micronutrientes, de carbono e de nitrogênio. Realizou-se, ainda, o fracionamento da matéria orgânica humificada. O manejo com cana crua e o com adição de vinhaça aumentaram os teores de macro e micronutrientes, em comparação com o manejo cana queimada e sem adição de vinhaça, respectivamente. Na camada superficial do solo (0-0,20 m), o teor de carbono variou de 13,13 g kg-1, na cana queimada, a 22,34 g kg-1, na cana crua, e de 15,71 g kg-1, na cana sem adição de vinhaça, a 18,33 g kg-1, na cana que anualmente recebeu vinhaça. A melhora nos atributos químicos do solo favoreceu a formação de substâncias húmicas alcalino-solúveis mais polimerizadas.