Pesticides are widely used on tea plants, and pesticide residues are of significant concern to consumers. The National Food Safety Standard Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food (GB 2763-2021) was recently amended. However, detection methods for pesticides newly added to the list of residues in beverages have not yet been established. For that reason, this study developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) method for determining the residues of 12 pesticides, including four newly added, in black and green tea. Sample preparation processes (sample extraction, SPE clean-up, elution solvent, and elution volume) were optimized to monitor these residues reliably. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for GC–MS/MS electron impact (EI) mode determination. Finally, satisfactory recoveries (70.7–113.0% for green tea and 72.0–99.1% for black tea) were achieved at three concentrations (10 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg). The LOQs were 0.04–8.69 μg/kg, and the LODs were 0.01–3.14 μg/kg. This study provides a reliable and sensitive workflow for determining 12 pesticide residues in tea, filling a gap in the newly revised National Standards.

The use of herbal medicine as an adjuvant therapy in the management of gastric cancer has yielded encouraging outcomes, notably in enhancing overall survival rates and extending periods of disease remission. Additionally, herbal medicines have demonstrated potential anti-metastatic effects in gastric cancer. Despite these promising findings, there remains a significant gap in our understanding regarding the precise pharmacological mechanisms, the identification of specific herbal compounds, and their safety and efficacy profiles in the context of gastric cancer therapy. In addressing this knowledge deficit, the present study proposes a comprehensive exploratory analysis of the Tiao-Yuan-Tong-Wei decoction (TYTW), utilizing an integrative approach combining system pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. This investigation aims to elucidate the pharmacological actions of TYTW in gastric pathologies. It is hypothesized that the therapeutic efficacy of TYTW in counteracting gastric diseases stems from its ability to modulate key signaling pathways, thereby influencing PIK3CA activity and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. This modulation is observed predominantly in pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and those directly associated with gastric cancer. Furthermore, the study explores how TYTW’s metabolites (agrimoniin, baicalin, corosolic acid, and luteolin) interact with molecular targets like AKT1, CASP3, ESR1, IL6, PIK3CA, and PTGS2, and their subsequent impact on these critical pathways and biological processes. Therefore, this study represents preliminary research on the anticancer molecular mechanism of TYTW by performing network pharmacology and providing theoretical evidence for further experimental investigations.

Glucose metabolism regulates cell growth and affects astaxanthin accumulation in the green algae Chromochloris zofingiensis. Hub gene functioning in this bioactive compound has been illustrated at the genome, transcriptome and metabolome level, but is rather limited from a proteome aspect. Microalgal cell produce an enhanced biomass (8-fold higher) but decreased lipid and astaxanthin content (~20% less) in the glucose condition compared to the control. Here, we investigate the proteomic response of C. zofingiensis grown with and without glucose using an LC-MS/MS-based Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) approach. The proteomic analysis demonstrated that glucose supplementation triggers the upregulation of 105 proteins and downregulation of 151 proteins. Thus, the carbon and energy flux might flow to cell growth, which increased the associated protein abundance, including DNA polymerase, translation initiation factor, 26S proteasome regulatory subunits, and the marker enzyme of the TCA cycle ribosomal protein. Moreover, the glucose supplement triggered the downregulation of proteins mainly involved in photosynthesis, chloroplasts, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways. This proteomic analysis is likely to provide new insights into algal growth and lipid or astaxanthin accumulation upon glucose supplementation, providing a foundation for further development of C. zofingiensis as oleaginous microalga for bioengineering applications.

Cortex Dictamni, the dried root bark of the plant Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. from the Rutaceae family, contains alkaloids as its primary bioactive components, which exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects. This study aims to optimize the extraction process and to characterize the chemical composition of Cortex Dictamni extract (CDE), as well as to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction process of CDE, while Q-Orbitrap high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized to identify the chemical components in the CDE. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. The results indicated that the optimized extraction yield of CDE was 44.73%. The optimal extraction conditions were: ethanol concentration of 70%, material-to-liquid ratio of 1:40 g/mL, and extraction time of 35 min. A total of 10 components were identified in the extract, including alkaloids, lactones, terpenes, and flavonoids. The extract demonstrated notable oxygen-free radical scavenging capabilities, as evidenced by its DPPH (IC50 = 0.316 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 0.166 mg/mL) values. Additionally, it exhibited antibacterial effects, particularly against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥128 mg/mL. CDE may serve as a potential natural compound for applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.