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Prof. Dr. Maria Cristina Collivignarelli
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Resource Recovery
0 Advanced oxidation processes
0 Membrane processes
0 Advanced biological wastewater treatments
0 Treatments for sludge minimization

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Advanced oxidation processes
Resource Recovery
Circular economy and interdisciplinary approaches

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Journal article
Published: 10 July 2021 in Sustainability
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To date, energy recovery from biological sewage sludge (BSS) by anaerobic digestion has been very popular. However, it can often happen that anaerobic reactors are volumetrically undersized, thus reducing performance in terms of biogas production. A continuous-flow pilot-scale plant was used to investigate, for the first time, the effects of mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion (MACoD) of sewage sludge and aqueous residue (AR) from a biosolids treatment plant (BTP) on methanogenic activity under low hydraulic retention time (HRT) conditions (to simulate the undersizing of the reactor). The results showed that the digestate is always more rapidly biodegradable than the matrices fed, while particulate COD hydrolyzed (12 ± 1.3%) is independent of the quantity of AR dosed. Feeding over 35% of soluble OLR, the total VFAs in the system strongly decreased, despite the low HRT. In correspondence with higher dosages of AR, the percentage of CH4 increased up to 77–78% and the CO2 CH4−1 ratio decreased to 0.25 ± 0.2. Specific methane production increased from 0.09 ± 0.01 m3CH4 kgCODremoved−1 with BSS alone to 0.28 ± 0.01 m3CH4CH4 kgCODremoved−1 in the case of BSS co-digested with AR. Moreover, co-digestion with AR from a BTP allowed continuous specific methanogenic activity to be enhanced from 1.76 ± 0.02 m3CH4 tVSS−1 d−1 to 6.48 ± 0.88 m3CH4 tVSS−1 d−1. Therefore, the MACoD of BSS and AR from a BTP could be a good solution to enhance methanogenic activity in a volumetrically undersized anaerobic digester with reduced HRT.

ACS Style

Vincenzo Torretta; Athanasia Tolkou; Ioannis Katsoyiannis; Francesca Caccamo; Marco Miino; Marco Baldi; Maria Collivignarelli. Enhancement of Methanogenic Activity in Volumetrically Undersized Reactor by Mesophilic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Aqueous Residue. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7728 .

AMA Style

Vincenzo Torretta, Athanasia Tolkou, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Francesca Caccamo, Marco Miino, Marco Baldi, Maria Collivignarelli. Enhancement of Methanogenic Activity in Volumetrically Undersized Reactor by Mesophilic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Aqueous Residue. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7728.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vincenzo Torretta; Athanasia Tolkou; Ioannis Katsoyiannis; Francesca Caccamo; Marco Miino; Marco Baldi; Maria Collivignarelli. 2021. "Enhancement of Methanogenic Activity in Volumetrically Undersized Reactor by Mesophilic Co-Digestion of Sewage Sludge and Aqueous Residue." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7728.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2021 in Water
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To date, the management of high-strength wastewater represents a serious problem. This work aims to evaluate the performance on chemical pollutants and on sludge production of one of the two full-scale thermophilic membrane bioreactors (ThMBRs) currently operational in Italy, based on monitoring data of the last two and a half years. Removal yields on COD, N-NOx, non-ionic and anionic surfactants (TAS and MBAS), increased with the input load up to 81.9%, 97.6%, 94.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. In the period of stability, a very low value of sludge production (0.052 kgVS kgCOD−1) was observed. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) tests allowed us to exclude the possibility that mesophilic biomass generally exhibited any acute inhibition following contact with the aqueous residues (ARs), except for substrates that presented high concentrations of perfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS), cyanides and chlorides. In one case, nitrifying activity was partially inhibited by high chlorides and PFAS concentration, while in another the substrate determined a positive effect, stimulating the phenomenon of nitrification. Nitrogen uptake rate (NUR) tests highlighted the feasibility of reusing the organic carbon contained in the substrate as a source in denitrification, obtaining a value comparable with that obtained using the reference solution with methanol. Therefore, respirometric tests proved to be a valid tool to assess the acute effect of AR of ThMBR on the activity of mesophilic biomass in the case of recirculation.

ACS Style

Maria Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Caccamo; Marco Baldi; Alessandro Abbà. Performance of Full-Scale Thermophilic Membrane Bioreactor and Assessment of the Effect of the Aqueous Residue on Mesophilic Biological Activity. Water 2021, 13, 1754 .

AMA Style

Maria Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Francesca Caccamo, Marco Baldi, Alessandro Abbà. Performance of Full-Scale Thermophilic Membrane Bioreactor and Assessment of the Effect of the Aqueous Residue on Mesophilic Biological Activity. Water. 2021; 13 (13):1754.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Caccamo; Marco Baldi; Alessandro Abbà. 2021. "Performance of Full-Scale Thermophilic Membrane Bioreactor and Assessment of the Effect of the Aqueous Residue on Mesophilic Biological Activity." Water 13, no. 13: 1754.

Research article
Published: 21 May 2021 in Environmental Technology
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This research aimed to identify a tool to objectively analyse the performance and the environmental contextualization of sewer systems (SwSs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This procedure performs assessment by calculating performance indices which could be subsequently applied to SwSs and WWTPs with different characteristics. The proposed tool can be applied conveniently over the years by managers of integrated urban water management systems for the analysis of different realities also allowing the evaluation of the effects of upgrades carried out during the management phases. The proposed analysis allows the optimization of SwSs and can profitably guide the choice and the priority among possible interventions for the sewerage infrastructure and WWTPs providing a a verification and evaluation protocol as well as a financial planning tool. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Sara Todeschini; Alessandro Abbà; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Carnevale Miino; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Fabio Conti; Giacomo Cillari; Silvia Calatroni; Giuseppe Lumia; Giorgio Bertanza. The performance evaluation of wastewater service: a protocol based on performance indicators applied to sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Technology 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Sara Todeschini, Alessandro Abbà, Paola Ricciardi, Marco Carnevale Miino, Vincenzo Torretta, Elena Cristina Rada, Fabio Conti, Giacomo Cillari, Silvia Calatroni, Giuseppe Lumia, Giorgio Bertanza. The performance evaluation of wastewater service: a protocol based on performance indicators applied to sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Technology. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Sara Todeschini; Alessandro Abbà; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Carnevale Miino; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Fabio Conti; Giacomo Cillari; Silvia Calatroni; Giuseppe Lumia; Giorgio Bertanza. 2021. "The performance evaluation of wastewater service: a protocol based on performance indicators applied to sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants." Environmental Technology , no. : 1-18.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Water
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Phosphorus depletion represents a significant problem. Ash of incinerated biological sewage sludge (BSS) contains P, but the presence of heavy metals (e.g., Fe and Al) is the main issue. Based on chemical characterization by SEM-EDS, ED-XRF and ICP-OES techniques, the characteristics and P content of bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) of incinerated BSS were very similar. On BA, P extraction carried out in counter- current with an S:L ratio of 1:10 and H2SO4 0.5 M led to better extraction yields than those of a similar test with H2SO4 1 M and an S:L ratio of 1:5 (93% vs. 86%). Comparing yields with H2SO4 0.5 M (S:L ratio of 1:10), the counter-current method gave better results than those of the crossflow method (93% vs. 83.9%), also improving the performance obtained with HCl in crossflow (93% vs. 89.3%). The results suggest that the purification of the acid extract from heavy metals with pH variation was impractical due to metal precipitation as phosphates. Extraction with H2SO4 and subsequent treatment with isoamyl alcohol represented the best option to extract and purify P, leading to 81% extraction yields of P with low amounts of metals.

ACS Style

Marco Baldi; Andrea Martinotti; Sabrina Sorlini; Ioannis Katsoyiannis; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Maria Collivignarelli. Extraction and Purification of Phosphorus from the Ashes of Incinerated Biological Sewage Sludge. Water 2021, 13, 1102 .

AMA Style

Marco Baldi, Andrea Martinotti, Sabrina Sorlini, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Alessandro Abbà, Marco Carnevale Miino, Maria Collivignarelli. Extraction and Purification of Phosphorus from the Ashes of Incinerated Biological Sewage Sludge. Water. 2021; 13 (8):1102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Baldi; Andrea Martinotti; Sabrina Sorlini; Ioannis Katsoyiannis; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Maria Collivignarelli. 2021. "Extraction and Purification of Phosphorus from the Ashes of Incinerated Biological Sewage Sludge." Water 13, no. 8: 1102.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2021 in Water
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Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), photolysis (PL), and photocatalysis (PC) were applied to increase the biodegradability of wastewaters effluents sampled from a plant collecting both municipal wastewaters and aqueous waste. In PEC, the catalyst was a porous TiO2 photoanode obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation and electrically polarized during operation. In PC a dispersion of TiO2 powders was used. The same irradiation shielding, and similar catalyst surface areas were set for PC and PEC, allowing a straightforward evaluation of the catalytic effect of the electrical polarization of TiO2 during operation. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal rates follow the order: PEC > PL and PEC > PC. The specific biodegradability rate (SBR) increased following the same order, the PEC process allowing SBR values more than twice higher than PL and PC. The operating costs were calculated based on the electrical energy per order of COD, color, and SBR values, demonstrating that at the laboratory scale the energy demand of PEC is significantly lower than the other two tested processes.

ACS Style

Maria Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Hamed Arab; Massimiliano Bestetti; Silvia Franz. Efficiency and Energy Demand in Polishing Treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plants Effluents: Photoelectrocatalysis vs. Photocatalysis and Photolysis. Water 2021, 13, 821 .

AMA Style

Maria Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Hamed Arab, Massimiliano Bestetti, Silvia Franz. Efficiency and Energy Demand in Polishing Treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plants Effluents: Photoelectrocatalysis vs. Photocatalysis and Photolysis. Water. 2021; 13 (6):821.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Hamed Arab; Massimiliano Bestetti; Silvia Franz. 2021. "Efficiency and Energy Demand in Polishing Treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plants Effluents: Photoelectrocatalysis vs. Photocatalysis and Photolysis." Water 13, no. 6: 821.

Research article
Published: 26 February 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Northern Italy was the most affected by CoViD-19 compared to other Italian areas and comprises zones where air pollutants concentration was higher than in the rest of Italy. The aim of the research is to determine if particulate matter (PM) has been the primary cause of the high CoViD-19 spread rapidity in some areas of Northern Italy. Data of PM for all the 41 studied cities were collected from the local environmental protection agencies. To compare air quality data with epidemiological data, a statistical analysis was conducted identifying the correlation matrices of Pearson and Spearman, considering also the possible incubation period of the disease. Moreover, a model for the evaluation of the epidemic risk, already proposed in literature, was used to evaluate a possible influence of PM on CoViD-19 spread rapidity. The results exclude that PM alone was the primary cause of the high CoVid-19 spread rapidity in some areas of Northern Italy. Further developments are necessary for a better comprehension of the influence of atmospheric pollution parameters on the rapidity of spread of the virus SARS-CoV-2, since a synergistic action with other factors (such as meteorological, socio-economic and cultural factors) could not be excluded by the present study. Graphical abstract

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Giorgio Bertanza; Roberta Pedrazzani; Marco Baldi; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Carnevale Miino. Can particulate matter be identified as the primary cause of the rapid spread of CoViD-19 in some areas of Northern Italy? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 33120 -33132.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Giorgio Bertanza, Roberta Pedrazzani, Marco Baldi, Paola Ricciardi, Marco Carnevale Miino. Can particulate matter be identified as the primary cause of the rapid spread of CoViD-19 in some areas of Northern Italy? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (25):33120-33132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Giorgio Bertanza; Roberta Pedrazzani; Marco Baldi; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Carnevale Miino. 2021. "Can particulate matter be identified as the primary cause of the rapid spread of CoViD-19 in some areas of Northern Italy?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 25: 33120-33132.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Recently, among AOPs, photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) on TiO2 is gaining interest. In this study, five different real waters sampled in four different points of the integrated urban water management (IUWM) system were tested with PEC and UV alone, for comparison. This work aims to verify the effect of the PEC suggesting the optimal position in IUWM system where the PEC should be located to obtain the best performance. In groundwaters (GWs), PEC effectively removed atrazine-based compounds (> 99%), trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene (96%), after 15 min of reaction time. However, given the low concentrations of emerging compounds, the synergistic effect of UV radiation with the catalyst and with the polarization of the mesh was not visible, with very few differences compared with the results obtained with UV alone. Pharmaceutical industrial wastewater (IWW) showed a significant increase in biodegradability after 2 h, both if subjected to PEC or UV (200%), despite the absence of COD removal. The PEC applied on IWW from a sewage sludge treatment plant allowed to effectively remove the COD (39.6%) and increase the biodegradability (300%). Good results in terms of COD removal (33.9%) and biodegradability increase (+900%) were also achieved testing PEC on wastewater treatment plant effluent. Except for GWs, PEC allowed significant E EO savings respect to UV alone (76.2–99.1%).

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Giorgio Bertanza; Sabrina Sorlini; Silvestro Damiani; Hamed Arab; Massimiliano Bestetti; Silvia Franz. Photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2 meshes: different applications in the integrated urban water management. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Marco Carnevale Miino, Giorgio Bertanza, Sabrina Sorlini, Silvestro Damiani, Hamed Arab, Massimiliano Bestetti, Silvia Franz. Photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2 meshes: different applications in the integrated urban water management. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Giorgio Bertanza; Sabrina Sorlini; Silvestro Damiani; Hamed Arab; Massimiliano Bestetti; Silvia Franz. 2021. "Photoelectrocatalysis on TiO2 meshes: different applications in the integrated urban water management." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2020 in Process Safety and Environmental Protection
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Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can have harmful effects on human health and can act as a precursor for the formation of other air pollutants in urban environment such as secondary PM2.5 and ozone. The lockdown measures for CoViD-19 allowed to simulate on a large scale the massive and prolonged reduction of road traffic (the main source for NO2 in urban environment). This work aims to selectively assess the maximum impact that total traffic blocking measures can have on NO2. For this reason, three megacities (London, Milan and Paris) were chosen which had similar characteristics in terms of climatic conditions, population, policies of urban traffic management and lockdown measures. 52 air quality control units have been used to compare data measured in lockdown and in the same periods of previous years, highlighting a significant decrease in NO2 concentration due to traffic (London: 71.1 % - 80.8 %; Milan: 8.6 % - 42.4 %; Paris: 65.7 % - 79.8 %). In 2020 the contribution of traffic in London, Milan and Paris dropped to 3.3 ± 1.3 μg m−3, 6.1 ± 0.8 μg m−3, and 13.4 ± 1.5 μg m−3, respectively. Despite the significant reduction in the NO2 concentration, in UT stations average NO2 concentrations higher than 40 μg m−3 were registered for several days. In order to reduce the pollution, the limitation of road traffic could be not enough, but a vision also aimed at rethink the vehicles and their polluting effects should be developed.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Claudio De Rose; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Baldi; Giorgio Bertanza; Roberta Pedrazzani; Sabrina Sorlini; Marco Carnevale Miino. Analysis of lockdown for CoViD-19 impact on NO2 in London, Milan and Paris: What lesson can be learnt? Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2020, 146, 952 -960.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Claudio De Rose, Alessandro Abbà, Marco Baldi, Giorgio Bertanza, Roberta Pedrazzani, Sabrina Sorlini, Marco Carnevale Miino. Analysis of lockdown for CoViD-19 impact on NO2 in London, Milan and Paris: What lesson can be learnt? Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2020; 146 ():952-960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Claudio De Rose; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Baldi; Giorgio Bertanza; Roberta Pedrazzani; Sabrina Sorlini; Marco Carnevale Miino. 2020. "Analysis of lockdown for CoViD-19 impact on NO2 in London, Milan and Paris: What lesson can be learnt?" Process Safety and Environmental Protection 146, no. : 952-960.

Review
Published: 24 December 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Among the critical issues that prevent the reuse of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents in a circular economy perspective, the microbiological component plays a key role causing infections and diseases. To date, the use of conventional chemical oxidants (e.g., chlorine) represent the main applied process for wastewater (WW) disinfection following a series of operational advantages. However, toxicity linked to the production of highly dangerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) has been widely demonstrated. Therefore, in recent years, there is an increasing attention to implement sustainable processes, which can simultaneously guarantee the microbiological quality of the WWs treated and the protection of both humans and the environment. This review focuses on treatments based on ultraviolet radiation (UV) alone or in combination with other processes (sonophotolysis, photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis with both natural and artificial light) without the dosage of chemical oxidants. The strengths of these technologies and the most significant critical issues are reported. To date, the use of synthetic waters in laboratory tests despite real waters, the capital and operative costs and the limited, or absent, experience of full-scale plant management (especially for UV-based combined processes) represent the main limits to their application on a larger scale. Although further in-depth studies are required to ensure full applicability of UV-based combined processes in WWTPs for reuse of their purified effluents, excellent prospects are presented thanks to an absent environmental impact in terms of DBPs formation and excellent disinfection yields of microorganisms (in most cases higher than 3-log reduction).

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Sabrina Sorlini. Disinfection of Wastewater by UV-Based Treatment for Reuse in a Circular Economy Perspective. Where Are We at? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 18, 77 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Marco Carnevale Miino, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Vincenzo Torretta, Elena Cristina Rada, Sabrina Sorlini. Disinfection of Wastewater by UV-Based Treatment for Reuse in a Circular Economy Perspective. Where Are We at? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 18 (1):77.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Sabrina Sorlini. 2020. "Disinfection of Wastewater by UV-Based Treatment for Reuse in a Circular Economy Perspective. Where Are We at?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 77.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2020 in Toxins
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The hepatotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) represents one of the most toxic cyanotoxins for human health. Considering its harmful effect, the World Health Organization recommended a limit in drinking water (DW) of 1 µg L−1. Due to the ineffectiveness of conventional treatments present in DW treatment plants against MC-LR, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining interest due to the high redox potential of the OH• radicals. In this work UV/H2O2 was applied to a real lake water to remove MC-LR. The kinetics of the UV/H2O2 were compared with those of UV and H2O2 showing the following result: UV/H2O2 > UV > H2O2. Within the range of H2O2 tested (0–0.9 mM), the results showed that H2O2 concentration and the removal kinetics followed an increasing quadratic relation. By increasing the initial concentration of H2O2, the consumption of oxidant also increased but, in terms of MC-LR degraded for H2O2 dosed, the removal efficiency decreased. As the initial MC-LR initial concentration increased, the removal kinetics increased up to a limit concentration (80 µg L−1) in which the presence of high amounts of the toxin slowed down the process. Operating with UV fluence lower than 950 mJ cm−2, UV alone minimized the specific energy consumption required. UV/H2O2 (0.3 mM) and UV/H2O2 (0.9 mM) were the most advantageous combination when operating with UV fluence of 950–1400 mJ cm−2 and higher than 1400 mJ cm−2, respectively.

ACS Style

Sabrina Sorlini; Carlo Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Maria Cristina Collivignarelli. Kinetics of Microcystin-LR Removal in a Real Lake Water by UV/H2O2 Treatment and Analysis of Specific Energy Consumption. Toxins 2020, 12, 810 .

AMA Style

Sabrina Sorlini, Carlo Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Maria Cristina Collivignarelli. Kinetics of Microcystin-LR Removal in a Real Lake Water by UV/H2O2 Treatment and Analysis of Specific Energy Consumption. Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):810.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sabrina Sorlini; Carlo Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Maria Cristina Collivignarelli. 2020. "Kinetics of Microcystin-LR Removal in a Real Lake Water by UV/H2O2 Treatment and Analysis of Specific Energy Consumption." Toxins 12, no. 12: 810.

Review
Published: 24 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The concrete industry is a core element of the building sector, but it has to deal with the increasing attention on the environmental issues related to the production process: increasing energy efficiency and the adoption of alternative fuels or raw materials represent the most relevant solutions. The present work analyses physical, mechanical, and environmental performances of concrete incorporating residues derived from four main sources (construction and demolition waste, residues from waste treatment, metallurgical industry by-products, and others), as substitutes of either fine or coarse aggregates. Fine aggregates showed the highest number of alternatives and replacement level, with the relevant impact on concrete properties; coarse aggregates, however, always reach a complete replacement, with the exclusion of glass that highly affects the mechanical performance. Construction and metallurgical industry categories are the main sources of alternative materials for both the components, with ceramic and lead slag reaching a full replacement for fine and coarse aggregates.

ACS Style

Maria Collivignarelli; Giacomo Cillari; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Miino; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Rada; Alessandro Abbà. The Production of Sustainable Concrete with the Use of Alternative Aggregates: A Review. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7903 .

AMA Style

Maria Collivignarelli, Giacomo Cillari, Paola Ricciardi, Marco Miino, Vincenzo Torretta, Elena Rada, Alessandro Abbà. The Production of Sustainable Concrete with the Use of Alternative Aggregates: A Review. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):7903.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Collivignarelli; Giacomo Cillari; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Miino; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Rada; Alessandro Abbà. 2020. "The Production of Sustainable Concrete with the Use of Alternative Aggregates: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7903.

Review article
Published: 04 July 2020 in Process Safety and Environmental Protection
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As for the SARS coronavirus in the 2003 epidemic, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated in faeces and, in some cases, urine of infected people, as well as in wastewater. This paper proposes a critical review of the state of the art regarding studies on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sewage sludge, the factors affecting its inactivation and the main proposed treatments. In-vitro tests demonstrated low resistance of SARS-CoV-2 to high temperature, while even significant changes in pH would not seem to determine the disappearance of the virus. In real wastewater and in sewage sludge, to date studies on the influence of the different parameters on the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 are not available. Therefore, studies involving other HCoVs such as SARS-CoV and HCoV-229E have been also considered, in order to formulate a hypothesis regarding its behaviour in sewage and throughout the steps of biological treatments in WWTPs. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater might track the epidemic trends: although being extremely promising, an effective and wide application of this approach requires a deeper knowledge of the amounts of viruses excreted through the faeces and the actual detectability of viral RNA in sewage.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Carlo Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Alessandro Abbà; Roberta Pedrazzani; Giorgio Bertanza. SARS-CoV-2 in sewer systems and connected facilities. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2020, 143, 196 -203.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Carlo Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Alessandro Abbà, Roberta Pedrazzani, Giorgio Bertanza. SARS-CoV-2 in sewer systems and connected facilities. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2020; 143 ():196-203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Carlo Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Alessandro Abbà; Roberta Pedrazzani; Giorgio Bertanza. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 in sewer systems and connected facilities." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 143, no. : 196-203.

Other
Published: 12 June 2020
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Northern Italian regions have been the most affected from CoViD-19 compared to other Italian areas and are also the zones where air pollutants concentration has been higher than in the rest of Italy. The aim of the research is analysing possible correlations between air pollutants PM10 and PM2.5 and the rapidity of the spread of the infection caused by CoViD-19 in Northern Italy. PM10 and PM2.5 data for all the 41 studied cities were collected from the local environmental protection agencies. In order to compare air quality data with epidemiological data (Td), a statistical analysis was conducted identifying the correlation matrices of Pearson and Spearman, considering the possible incubation period of the disease. The results exclude a strong direct correlation between PM in the air and the diffusion rate of CoViD-19. Further developments are necessary for a better comprehension of the influence of atmospheric pollution parameters on the rapidity of spread of the virus SARS-CoV-2, since a synergistic action with other factors, such as meteorological factors, could not be excluded.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Giorgio Bertanza; Roberta Pedrazzani; Marco Baldi; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Carnevale Miino. CoViD-19 outbreak in Northern Italy: Did particulate matter really play a key role? 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Giorgio Bertanza, Roberta Pedrazzani, Marco Baldi, Paola Ricciardi, Marco Carnevale Miino. CoViD-19 outbreak in Northern Italy: Did particulate matter really play a key role? . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Giorgio Bertanza; Roberta Pedrazzani; Marco Baldi; Paola Ricciardi; Marco Carnevale Miino. 2020. "CoViD-19 outbreak in Northern Italy: Did particulate matter really play a key role?" , no. : 1.

Other
Published: 08 June 2020
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As for the SARS coronavirus in the 2003 epidemic, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated in faeces and, in some cases, urine of infected people, as well as in wastewater. This paper proposes a critical review of the state of the art regarding studies on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sewage sludge, the factors affecting its inactivation and the main proposed treatments, with the aim to provide useful information at operative level in order to better and safer manage wastewater and sewage sludge. Given the lack of literature on SARS-CoV-2, studies involving other HCoVs such as SARS-CoV and HCoV-229E have been also considered. In wastewater, the resistance of SARS-CoV has proven to be very limited, especially at temperatures above 20 °C, and the virus has been easily removed with the use of chlorine (> 0.5 mg L−1 for 30 min). For sewage sludge, based on in vitro experiments, it is suggested to increase the retention times before a possible reuse in agriculture only for precautionary purposes, since SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to occur in the sludge. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater might track the epidemic trends: although being extremely promising, an effective and wide application of this approach requires a deeper knowledge of the amounts of viruses excreted through the faeces and the actual detectability of viral RNA in sewage.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Carlo Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Alessandro Abbà; Roberta Pedrazzani; Giorgio Bertanza. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Carlo Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Alessandro Abbà, Roberta Pedrazzani, Giorgio Bertanza. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Carlo Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Alessandro Abbà; Roberta Pedrazzani; Giorgio Bertanza. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants." , no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 06 June 2020 in Environmental Processes
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The presence of hydrodynamic anomalies (HAs) in biological reactor reduces pollutants removal yields and increases management costs. This work aims to study the hydrodynamic behaviour of biological reactors of a real wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in order to detect the presence of hydrodynamic anomalies (dead volume and bypass). The identification and the localization of these anomalies were conducted by an integrated residence time distribution (RTD) analysis - computational fluid dynamic (CFD) numerical analysis. From the results of the RTD analysis a dead volume of 30% was quantified without bypass. The three-dimensional CFD model revealed a dead volume inside the oxidation/nitrification tank equal to 10% located downstream of the baffle wall. Employing the RTD-CFD integrated analysis approach, the size of dead volume located in the denitrification reactor was quantified as equal to 60%. RTD analysis allowed for the quantification of the HAs while CFD analysis provided for the position of the HAs with reliable accuracy. RTD-CFD integrated approach is a preparatory tool for planning any corrective actions in a focused way in order to use all the volume of the reactor, maximizing the efficiency of the treatment processes, minimizing management costs and reducing the consumption of energy.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Sauro Manenti; Sara Todeschini; Enrico Sperone; Gino Cavallo; Alessandro Abbà. Identification and Localization of Hydrodynamic Anomalies in a Real Wastewater Treatment Plant by an Integrated Approach: RTD-CFD Analysis. Environmental Processes 2020, 7, 563 -578.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Sauro Manenti, Sara Todeschini, Enrico Sperone, Gino Cavallo, Alessandro Abbà. Identification and Localization of Hydrodynamic Anomalies in a Real Wastewater Treatment Plant by an Integrated Approach: RTD-CFD Analysis. Environmental Processes. 2020; 7 (2):563-578.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Sauro Manenti; Sara Todeschini; Enrico Sperone; Gino Cavallo; Alessandro Abbà. 2020. "Identification and Localization of Hydrodynamic Anomalies in a Real Wastewater Treatment Plant by an Integrated Approach: RTD-CFD Analysis." Environmental Processes 7, no. 2: 563-578.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Sludge recovery/disposal represents one of the most crucial aspects related to the management of wastewater treatment plants. The most widely diffused technology for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters is the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process, which is characterized by a relatively high excess sludge production. Different technical solutions are proposed in the literature for sludge minimization and they can be applied either on wastewater line (WL) or sludge line (SL). This work is focused on different approaches based on the use of Thermophilic Aerobic Membrane Reactor (TAMR): this can be added to a CAS plant, and integrated to WL or SL, yielding a significant sludge reduction. The process performance was analysed in terms of volatile solids (VS) reduction and specific sludge production. The TAMR was tested both at full-scale and pilot-scale with different feeding substrates: industrial wastewater for the full-scale plant; industrial wastewater, sludge and a mix of these for the pilot-scale plants. The results obtained are: (i) good solids removal (38-90% and 40-50% in terms of VS for sludge and mix of industrial wastewater and sludge, respectively), (ii) low specific sludge production (0.01-0.09 kgVSS produced kgCOD removed-1 for industrial wastewater and 0.014-0.069 kgVSS produced kgCOD removed-1 for mix of industrial wastewater and sludge) and (iii) a significant reduction of sludge when CAS is improved with the TAMR technology.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Giorgio Bertanza; Andrea Frattarola. The upgrading of conventional activated sludge processes with thermophilic aerobic membrane reactor: Alternative solutions for sludge reduction. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 264, 110490 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Giorgio Bertanza, Andrea Frattarola. The upgrading of conventional activated sludge processes with thermophilic aerobic membrane reactor: Alternative solutions for sludge reduction. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 264 ():110490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Giorgio Bertanza; Andrea Frattarola. 2020. "The upgrading of conventional activated sludge processes with thermophilic aerobic membrane reactor: Alternative solutions for sludge reduction." Journal of Environmental Management 264, no. : 110490.

Research article
Published: 13 May 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The critical issue generated by foaming in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a problem that is currently very common and shared, but which to date is treated mainly only at the management level. In this work, an experimental study with foam tests on real and synthetic waters was conducted using a laboratory scale plant and foaming power indices were calculated. To date, the estimation of foaming potential is mainly based on these indices which give information only on height/volume of foams but not on the type of foams, in terms of consistency and therefore stability. Tests showed that foaming power indices were highly variable with the same water: it was not possible to identify a single foaming potential value for each water. Two models were proposed to estimate the percentage increase in height of chemical foams produced following the introduction of air below the surface of a liquid. In terms of determination coefficient, the results obtained from the complex model were better: R2 was 0.82 for the simple linear model and 0.90 for the complex one. This approach has allowed to underline some critical aspects of foaming potential as it is determined today and the possible improvements applicable for a more objective evaluation.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Marco Baldi. Evaluation of foaming potential for water treatment: limits and developments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 27952 -27960.

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Marco Baldi. Evaluation of foaming potential for water treatment: limits and developments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (22):27952-27960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Marco Baldi. 2020. "Evaluation of foaming potential for water treatment: limits and developments." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 22: 27952-27960.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Fluorides represent a significant problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In fact, this ion is essential for human health but, if taken in excess, it can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. In LMICs, the pollution of groundwater from fluorides is of natural origin. Therefore, if providing alternative sources for drinking water (DW) supply is not possible, the use of specific processes for the removal of fluorides becomes essential. The adsorption on alternative materials, such as agro-food residues, can be a valid treatment for the removal of fluorides in the LMIC considering: (i) their optimal removal yields, (ii) the high availability, and (iii) the low cost. In recent years, the interest on the use of palm residues (PRs) becomes significant. Optimal pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and possible combination with metals to increase adsorption performances were deeply investigated. The activated PRs also present two other advantages: (i) very high surface area, and (ii) very low reduction in uptake capacity when regenerated. However, all tests were conducted with synthetic waters in laboratory-scale reactors while application on real-scale are absent. This makes other studies on this type of alternative adsorbent material still necessary.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Sabrina Sorlini. Adsorption of Fluorides in Drinking Water by Palm Residues. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3786 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Alessandro Abbà, Marco Carnevale Miino, Vincenzo Torretta, Elena Cristina Rada, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Sabrina Sorlini. Adsorption of Fluorides in Drinking Water by Palm Residues. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3786.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Alessandro Abbà; Marco Carnevale Miino; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Sabrina Sorlini. 2020. "Adsorption of Fluorides in Drinking Water by Palm Residues." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3786.

Review
Published: 15 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The formation of persistent foams can be a critical problem in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as it could lead to a series of operational problems, especially the reduction of the overall system performance. To date, the effects of foaming in the WWTPs are a problem that is currently very common and shared, but which to date is treated mainly only at the management level and still too little studied through a globally shared scientific method: the complexity of the phenomenon and the systems have led to numerous partially contradictory descriptions and hypotheses over the years. The goal must be to suggest future research directions and indicate promising strategies to prevent or control the formation of foams in WWTPs. This study examines and investigates the problem of foams by a methodological approach of research through a review on the state of the art: the factors influencing the formation of foams are described first (such as surfactants and/or extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)), then the known methods for the evaluation of foaming, both direct and indirect, are presented, with the aim of identifying the correct and best (from the management point of view) control and/or prevention strategies to be applied in the future in WWTPs.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Baldi; Alessandro Abbà; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Marco Carnevale Miino; Elena Cristina Rada; Vincenzo Torretta. Foams in Wastewater Treatment Plants: From Causes to Control Methods. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2716 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Marco Baldi, Alessandro Abbà, Francesca Maria Caccamo, Marco Carnevale Miino, Elena Cristina Rada, Vincenzo Torretta. Foams in Wastewater Treatment Plants: From Causes to Control Methods. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (8):2716.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Baldi; Alessandro Abbà; Francesca Maria Caccamo; Marco Carnevale Miino; Elena Cristina Rada; Vincenzo Torretta. 2020. "Foams in Wastewater Treatment Plants: From Causes to Control Methods." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8: 2716.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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In the coming years, water stress is destined to worsen considering that the consumption of water is expected to increase significantly, and climate change is expected to become more evident. Greywater (GW) has been studied as an alternative water source in arid and semiarid zones. Although there is no single optimal solution in order to treat GW, constructed wetlands proved to be effective. In this paper, the results of the treatment of a real GW by a horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) for more than four months are shown. In the preliminary laboratory-scale plant, Phragmites australis, Carex oshimensis and Cyperus papyrus were tested separately and showed very similar results. In the second phase, pilot-scale tests were conducted to confirm the performance at a larger scale and evaluate the influence of hydraulic retention time, obtaining very high removal yields on turbidity (>92%), total suspended solids (TSS) (>85%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (>89%), and five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (>88%). Based on the results of the pilot-scale HFCW, a comparison with international recommendations by World Health Organization and European Union is discussed.

ACS Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Franco Hernan Gomez; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Sabrina Sorlini. Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Greywater Treatment and Reuse: An Experimental Case. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2317 .

AMA Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, Marco Carnevale Miino, Franco Hernan Gomez, Vincenzo Torretta, Elena Cristina Rada, Sabrina Sorlini. Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Greywater Treatment and Reuse: An Experimental Case. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (7):2317.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Cristina Collivignarelli; Marco Carnevale Miino; Franco Hernan Gomez; Vincenzo Torretta; Elena Cristina Rada; Sabrina Sorlini. 2020. "Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland for Greywater Treatment and Reuse: An Experimental Case." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2317.