Influenza is a common respiratory infection associated with a substantial clinical, humanistic, and economic burden globally. Vaccines are essential to prevent and control influenza and are recommended by public-health agencies, such as the WHO and US CDC; however, vaccination rates vary considerably across the globe. This review aimed to investigate the perceived barriers and attitudes to influenza vaccination in the global population, in order to identify strategies that may improve influenza vaccination coverage. A structured literature search was undertaken to identify studies that reported on patient-reported attitudes towards influenza vaccination, focused on the adult general population in 16 prespecified countries. Eighty studies were included in this review. Negative attitude towards healthcare were found to be the most agreed upon barrier to vaccine uptake (31.1% agreement). The most agreed promoter of influenza vaccination was trust in healthcare services (62.0% agreement). Approximately 50% of participants intended to receive the influenza vaccine in the following season. To improve influenza vaccination coverage, healthcare workers must strengthen the foundation of substantial trust in healthcare services and provide educational materials that improve influenza vaccination knowledge among the adult general population.

Subcutaneous (SC) formulations of oncology therapies offer a potentially less time-consuming and more convenient alternative to intravenous (IV) administration. However, exploring the potential benefits of SC over IV administration from a broader perspective is necessary to understand the larger-scale impact. In this systematic literature review (SLR), we evaluated the efficacy, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), safety, and patient and healthcare provider (HCP) preference for SC/IV oncology therapies, along with differences in patient outcomes, costs, and time requirements. The SLR was conducted in January 2019 and updated in May 2023, and included 169 publications. Studies providing comparative results between IV and SC formulations regarding clinical, economic, and patient outcomes were included. The focus was anticancer therapies for which both IV and SC formulations are being developed in phase 3 clinical trials, or are regulatory approved. SC administration was associated with savings in HCP time and patient chair time. Direct and indirect cost-savings were also observed. Increased treatment satisfaction and patient/HCP preference was reported with SC administration, as was improved caregiver productivity. The relative tolerability of SC and IV formulations for oncology drugs was similar; however, a higher incidence of injection-site reactions was reported with SC administration. Overall survival, PK/PD, and overall response rate results were comparable between IV and SC administration. This SLR demonstrates that SC and IV administration had comparable efficacy, PK/PD, and tolerability profiles, with SC administration associated with cost and time savings, and generally preferred by patients and HCPs. Therefore, SC administration of oncology therapies may offer advantages over IV administration.

Introduction: Adults aged ≥65 years contribute a large proportion of influenza-related hospitalizations and deaths due to increased risk of complications, which result in high medical costs and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Although seasonal influenza vaccines are recommended for older adults, the effectiveness of current vaccines is dependent on several factors including strain matching and recipient demographic factors. Objective: This systemic literature review aimed to explore the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥65 years. Methods: An electronic database search was conducted to identify studies assessing the economic and humanistic burden of influenza, including influenza symptoms that impact the HRQoL and patient related outcomes in adults aged ≥65 years. Studies were to be published in English and conducted in Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. Results: Twenty-five studies reported on the economic and humanistic burden of influenza in adults aged ≥65 years. Higher direct costs were reported for people at increased-risk of influenza-related complications compared to those at low-risk. Lower influenza-related total costs were found in those vaccinated with adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) compared to high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV-HD). Older age was associated with an increased occurrence and longer duration of certain influenza symptoms. Despite the limited data identified for, results show that influenza exerts a high humanistic and economic burden. in older adults. Further research is required to confirm findings and to identify the unmet needs of current vaccines.