Msalais wine (MW) is a popular traditional wine with the cultural characteristics of a specific Chinese ethnic group. In this study, phenolic profiles and antioxidant characteristics were identified using chromatographic analysis. A total of thirty-eight compounds, including eight furans, eleven phenolic acids, fourteen flavonoids, and five others, were identified via LC-MS/QTOF. It was found that catechin is the most abundant phenolic compound in MW, followed by epicatechin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid. Winemaking had a significant influence on the levels of phenols and antioxidant activity. Condensed juice (CJ) displayed the highest phenol and antioxidant activity levels, while the levels were significantly decreased during the fermentation process and gradually stabilized thereafter during the aging process. A correlation analysis between the polyphenols in Msalais and their antioxidant capacity was performed to determine which molecules contributed more to the antioxidant capacity in a complex mixture of polyphenols. All of the phenolic compounds, except ferulic acid, showed good correlation with DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC. Among them, resveratrol had the strongest antioxidant capacity, although its concentration was very low. Catechin also had a strong antioxidant capacity, which was positively correlated with its concentration. This indicates that the antioxidant activity of Msalais is related to the number, type, and structure of polyphenols.

Bisphenol S (BPS) is a widely used substitute for bisphenol A (BPA). In recent years, the detection frequency of BPS in various environmental media and biological matrices has been increasing, raising widespread concern regarding its potential adverse effects on metabolic health. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPS-induced metabolic toxicity remain incompletely understood. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was employed as an in vivo model to systematically evaluate the bioaccumulation characteristics and metabolic toxicity of BPS, with bioinformatics analyses integrated to provide mechanistic support. The results showed that following continuous 3-day exposure, BPS accumulated significantly in C. elegans and induced a range of metabolic disturbances, including increased triglyceride (TG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased ATP content, altered fatty acid composition, and dysregulated expression of lipid metabolism-related genes (fat-6, fat-7, sbp-1, mdt-15, fasn-1, and acs-2). Functional analysis using RNA interference (RNAi) further identified SBP-1, a core regulator of lipid homeostasis, as a key mediator of BPS-induced metabolic toxicity. Complementary molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations supported the structural plausibility of interactions between BPS and SREBF1, the human homolog of SBP-1/SREBP. In addition, virtual screening analyses indicated that certain natural flavonoids may exhibit comparative binding affinity toward SREBF1. Overall, these findings suggest that BPS exposure may be associated with disruption of lipid homeostasis through the SREBF1/SREBP signaling axis and indicate potential metabolic health implications.