Conductive hydrogels are polymeric materials that are promising for bioelectronic applications. In the present study, a complex based on sulfonic cryogels and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was investigated as an example of a conductive hydrogel. Preparation of polyacrylate cryogels of various morphologies was carried out by cryotropic gelation of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate and sulfobetaine methacrylate in the presence of functional comonomers (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate). Polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene in the presence of several of the above cryogels occurred throughout the entire volume of each polyelectrolyte cryogel because of its porous structure. Structural features of cryogel@PEDOT complexes in relation to their electrochemical properties were investigated. It was shown that poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) of a linear conformation was formed in the presence of a cryogel based on sulfobetaine methacrylate, while minimum values of charge-transfer resistance were observed in those complexes, and electrochemical properties of the complexes did not depend on diffusion processes.

The secretome of ESKAPE pathogens contains numerous bioactive molecules that play a key role in pathogenesis and the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, analyzing this complex chemical composition presents significant methodological challenges. In this study, we propose a combined approach integrating chromatographic fractionation of cell-free supernatants with Raman spectroscopy to deconstruct the secretome of the clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogen—Enterobacter spp. Chromatographic separation of the Enterobacter spp. supernatant into seven fractions reduced spectral congestion and enabled identification of fraction 3 as having a unique metabolite profile, enriched in peptides (including tryptophan- and tyrosine-containing structures), nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and putative glutathione-like compounds. Notably, fraction 3 lacked markers of phenylalanine and sterol-like lipids, highlighting its distinct composition. Compared to conventional mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, our hybrid strategy offers minimal sample preparation, preserves sample integrity for repeated analysis, avoids ionization bias, and is fully compatible with aqueous biological matrices—critical advantages for profiling labile or low-abundance metabolites in native secretomes. These findings demonstrate that the combination of preparative chromatography and Raman spectroscopy effectively resolves complex bacterial secretomes and identifies fractions potentially carrying key virulence or signaling functions.