This systematic review aims to synthesise Web-GIS evidence for managing natural hazards to share state-of-the-art practices and policies. A comprehensive search in SCOPUS, among other databases, identified 1775 articles published between 2014 and 2023. Following a selection process based on the PRISMA model, 65 articles met the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed a growing trend over the past decade, with most research concentrated in the last three years. Eight crucial subtopics within the Web-GIS domain have emerged: Integrated Spatial Analysis and Modelling, Technologies and Infrastructure, Visualisation and User Interface Design, Decision Support Systems, Real-time Monitoring and Early Warning, Disaster Recovery and Resilience, Citizen and Social Media Integration, and Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration. A substantial contribution of the literature has been identified in Decision Support Systems and Integrated Spatial Analysis, reflecting their vital role in strategising and predicting hazard impacts. Furthermore, a geographical distribution analysis revealed significant Web-GIS applications in countries like Italy and China, alongside a deficit in low- and middle-income countries. It also highlights potential gaps in hazard studies, including the need to prioritise heatwave management in the face of climate change. This research calls for policymakers and practitioners to leverage evidence-informed decision making and foster community collaboration for enhanced natural disaster resilience.

In the last decades, climate and environmental changes have highlighted the fragility and vulnerability of the landscape, especially in mountain areas where the effects are most severe. This study promotes the methodological setup of a landscape digital twin to establish a multi-disciplinary and multi-scalar hazard overview according to a matrix framework implementable over time and space. The original contribution to the research addresses a holistic vision that combines meaningfully qualitative with quantitative approaches within a multi-hazard framework from the socio-economic perspective. This contribution presents road network risk analysis by exploiting flooding and landslide scenarios. The critical road segments or nodes most vulnerable or impacted by network performance and accessibility can be identified with minimal preprocessing from credible open-source sources. Service maps are used to show the spatial distribution of risk scores for different typologies of points of interest and hazards. Origin-destination matrix graphs display changes in travel time between facilities under various scenarios. Using a risk scores formula to generate risk maps has made it possible to effectively represent the interconnectedness among natural hazards, infrastructure, and socio-economic factors, fostering more resilient decision-making processes. The method’s applicability is tested through a case study in northern Italy’s Piedmont Region.

In the last decades, climate and environmental changes have highlighted the fragility and vulnerability of the landscape, especially in mountain areas where the effects are most severe. The strategy for hazard mitigation must deploy synergistic actions based on a thorough knowledge of the territory and its phenomena to enable integrated and effective land planning and management through suitable communication tools. This study promotes the methodological setup of a Landscape Digital Twin to establish a multi-disciplinary and multi-scalar hazards overview according to a matrix framework implementable over time and space. The original contribution to the research addresses a holistic vision that combines meaningfully qualitative with quantitative approaches to generate risk maps by integrating various indicators within a multi-hazard framework from the socio-economic perspective. This contribution presents road network risk analysis by exploiting flooding and landslide scenarios. The critical road segments or nodes most vulnerable or impacted by network performance and accessibility can be identified with minimal preprocessing from credible open-source sources. The method's applicability is tested in a Piedmont Region, northern Italy case study. The integration proposed will help generate comprehensive risk analysis maps that effectively portray the interconnectedness among natural hazards, infrastructure, and socio-economic factors fostering more resilient decision-making processes.

European strategies are increasingly pushing for the optimisation of building energy performance, a goal that demands structured, in-depth knowledge of existing built heritage. In this scenario, digitalisation emerges as a key enabler, offering the opportunity to consolidate critical building lifecycle information through the progressive development of a Digital Building Logbook. Central to this process are openBIM models, which go beyond traditional geometric representations by introducing a semantic framework that integrates 3D geometry, spatial relationships and descriptive data, making the logic of the asset visible and queryable. This study presents a systematic methodology to link data from Energy Performance Certificates, structured in eXtensible Markup Language, with the Industry Foundation Classes standard. The proposed workflow includes a detailed analysis of data formats, classification of energy-related information and the mapping of correlations, whether through existing standards or custom Property Sets. The methodology is validated through an Italian case study, with data integration tested via visual programming. Looking ahead, the workflow will be automated to support the development of a visualiser capable of integrating both energy and Building Information Model domains. In doing so, representation evolves from a static tool into a dynamic interface for managing and analysing information, expanding the potential of digital drawing to describe, interrogate and simulate the energy behaviour of the built environment.

In an era of increasingly abundant and granular spatial and temporal data, the traditional divide between environmental GIS and building-centric BIM scales is diminishing, offering an opportunity to enhance natural hazard assessment by bridging the gap between territorial impacts and the effects on individual structures. This study addresses the challenge of integrating disparate data formats by establishing a centralised database as the foundation for a comprehensive risk assessment approach. A use case focusing on flood risk assessment for a public building in northwest Italy demonstrates the practical implications of this integrated methodology. The proposed TErritorial RIsk Management & Analysis Across Scale (TERIMAAS) framework utilises this centralised repository to store, process, and dynamically update diverse BIM and GIS datasets, incorporating real-time IoT-derived information. The GIS spatial analysis assesses risk scores for each hazard type, providing insights into vulnerability and potential impacts. BIM data further refine this assessment by incorporating building and functional characteristics, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of resilience and risk mitigation strategies tailored to dynamic environmental conditions across scales. The results of the proposed scalable approach could provide a valuable understanding of the territory for policymakers, urban planners, and any stakeholder involved in disaster risk management and infrastructure resilience planning.

The growing complexity and interdependence of critical infrastructures (CIs), increasingly exposed to natural and technological hazards, call for educational approaches to enhance resilience and risk management. This study examines trends, patterns, and challenges in integrating digital and immersive technologies into education and training for stakeholders in critical infrastructure management. A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using Scopus as the primary source, covering the last decade and analyzing the corpus across six dimensions: technological approach, pedagogical model, hazard typology, infrastructure domain, stakeholder category, and implementation phase. Following the PRISMA framework, 5635 records were identified and screened through a multistage process combining rule-based filtering and manual review, resulting in 105 papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The analysis reveals a shift from classroom instruction and physical drills toward immersive, simulation-based, and data-informed learning ecosystems that strengthen situational awareness, procedural accuracy, and decision-making under stress. However, the review identifies persistent gaps in evaluation metrics, cross-sector frameworks, and collaborative learning environments that limit adoption. The findings underscore that digital and immersive technologies can reconfigure education and training frameworks, enabling the formation of Resilient Operators endowed with adaptive cognition, continuous learning capacities, and responsiveness to natural hazard-induced technological risks.