This article presents a review of the Genetic Algorithm (GA), a prominent optimization technique inspired by natural selection and genetics. In the context of rapidly evolving computational methodologies, GA have gained considerable attention for their efficacy in solving complex optimization problems across various domains. The background highlights the growing significance of optimization techniques in addressing real-world challenges. However, the inherent complexity and diversity of problems necessitate versatile approaches like GA. The problem statement underscores the need to explore the underlying operations and applications of GA to provide a nuanced understanding of their capabilities and limitations. The objectives of this review encompass delving into the fundamental genetic operators, such as selection, crossover, and mutation, while examining their role in maintaining diversity and converging toward optimal solutions. Methodology-wise, a systematic analysis of existing literature is undertaken to distil key insights and trends in GA applications. The main findings show the adaptability of GA in tackling problems spanning engineering, economics, bioinformatics, and beyond. By facilitating the discovery of optimal or near-optimal solutions within large solution spaces, GA proves its mettle in scenarios where traditional methods fall short. The conclusion underscores the enduring relevance of GA in the optimization landscape, emphasizing their potential to remain a pivotal tool for addressing intricate real-world challenges, provided their parameters are fine-tuned judiciously to balance exploration and exploitation.

Slow-moving product is harmful to the business. The slow-moving products take up space and tie up the company’s capital and leave the company with fewer funds to invest in its business. Several factors can cause this issue. There are several methods ranging from statistics to heuristic methods for a company to identify slow-moving inventory but all of them rely on data. In this paper, a partitioning technique from the graph network is proposed to partition the inventories or products into a few clusters. It can help the company to identify what group does the product belongs to and at the same time suggest to the company which product can be paired up or bundled up together to clear up aging and slow-moving products. The partition technique is proposed, and the algorithm is coded using the Visual C++ programming language. The simulation results show that the proposed method can partition the task graph onto smaller subgraphs. The subgraphs called cluster consists of the nodes or products with similar purchase volume (the strong connection between the two nodes). Implementing the partitioning technique could help the companies or managers select the appropriate product to be paired together when doing the promotion.

Kyai H. Ahmad Dahlan Road in Pasuruan City serves as a vital connector for economic and industrial activities, necessitating durable and cost-effective road infrastructure. This study compares flexible and rigid pavement types based on construction costs and implementation time. Traffic loads are analyzed using ESA5 and JSKN for 20- and 40-year design lives. Results show significant increases in traffic load, demanding robust pavement structures. Flexible pavements require 21–22 days to construct with higher costs (IDR 17.17–19.63 billion), while rigid pavements take longer (30–31 days) but incur lower costs (IDR 14.61–15.00 billion). Pavement design follows the 2024 Indonesian Road Pavement Design Manual (MDPJ), utilizing existing pavement structures to enhance efficiency. The study concludes that rigid pavements are more cost-efficient over the long term, whereas flexible pavements offer faster execution, making them suitable for different road use scenarios in urban planning.

UD ACC Plastics is a business in the field of plastic products that are produced, namely Hangers made from PP (polypropylene) plastic. Planning and controlling raw materials is very important for plastic companies with manual cupola especially UD. ACC Plastic. Fluctuating demand from customers resulted in excess and shortage of raw materials at UD. ACC Plastic. For that we need a definite and optimal calculation. In this case, an analysis of the planning and control of raw materials is carried out using the probabilistic method of the P Back Order model. To find out the order time interval, safety stock, lot order size, and inventory costs. Inventory and Control is done by probabilistic calculation of the P Back Order model with the Hadley Within solution by doing iterations and selecting the best solution with the minimum total inventory cost. Calculation results obtained total minimum inventory costs and optimal inventory system. In the raw material inventory of plastic pellets, the total cost of Rp. 204,325,752 with order intervals every 23 days or 0.062 years, order lot sizes of 415 kg, safety stock of 134.59 kg and a maximum order of 550 kg. The service level provided was 99.96%.

Micro, small, and medium industry (MSMI) is one of the main components for improving the economy of village communities. This existence is expressed by the development of MSMI in rural areas. Most of the MSMIs that are progressing rapidly in business development are MSMIs that operate in various business fields. This condition spurred the village community's confidence to brand their village as a creative MSMI village. Small and medium industry (SMI) with the Cracker Mawar brand is one of the SMIs developing in Jerukgamping Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province. The process of producing crackers from raw materials to finished products takes a minimum of one day and a maximum of two days. This is due to the drying process, which still relies on the hot sun. This traditional production system creates various obstacles in business development, including: (i) the accumulation of crackers that are still stuck to each other; (ii) the production process cannot be completed in one day (exceeds working hours); (iii) the remains of crackers that are still attached; (iv) the production process is not optimal; and (v) the resulting output does not match the input. With the various business development obstacles faced by SMI Cracker Mawar, the Community Service Activity of the Department of Industrial Engineering Team, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya is to provide assistance in increasing SMI's production capacity with the TTG Cracker Separator Machine at SMI in Jerukgamping Village, Krian District, Sidoarjo Regency. In this way, micro, small, and medium industries (MSMI) as the economic pillars of Jerukgamping Village can develop better so that the welfare of the community will increase.