The aim of this study was to assess the solubility of phosphorus from rock phosphate incubated with farmyard manure under laboratory condition. The treatments were factorial combination of three rates each of RP (0, 2, and 4 tons ha-1) and farm yard manure (0, 10 and 20 tons ha-1). These treatments were applied to 100 g soil contained in plastic vials with three replications. Seven such sets of 27 vials each were prepared to represent seven incubation periods namely 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days. The results showed that Olsen -P improved significantly with increasing rate of rock phosphate from 0 to 4 tons ha-1 and that of farmyard manure from 0 to 20 tons ha-1. Initial available P content of soil was 4.59 mg kg-1 which enhanced up to 10.55 mg kg-1 as a result of 90 days incubation. Addition of rock phosphate and farmyard manure increased it to maximum value of 23.03 mg kg-1 with incorporation of rock phosphate at 4 tons ha-1 and farmyard manure at 20 tons ha-1. Thus, positive response of rock phosphate and farmyard manure was clearly evident on Olsen-P values due to enhancement of soil organic matter. It is concluded that there is potential for utilization of local rock phosphate by solubilising the P using farmyard manure. Soil incubation for the prolonged period of 90 days with rock phosphate and farmyard manure helped to enhance the solubility of P from rock phosphate. It is recommended that further experiments may be performed along with different bio-char, vermicompost, organic acids etc. which can help solubilise P from rock phosphate under field trials. For the first time, the feasibility of using agricultural fertilizer (manure) to increase the solubility of phosphorus from rock phosphate is experimentally substantiated. The practical value of this study is to achieve two effects simultaneously, namely, improving the fertility of agricultural lands depleted in phosphorus and utilizing agricultural fertilizer (manure).

Use of municipal waste water (both treated and untreated) has now become a common practice in urban and peri-urban areas. Mostly vegetables in urban cities like Karachi are being irrigated by sewerage water. In this study a comparison of sewage and fresh water-irrigated vegetables has been made with respect to trace metals. Among commonly used vegetables, green onion, cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, bird’s eye chili and okra were selected. Two sets of these vegetables were collected, one from local farm where irrigation was done with well water and other set of samples was collected from Malir, Karachi where irrigation was done with waste water. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals i.e. K, Na, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, and As by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. It showed that both sets of samples were found to contain metal concentrations beyond the limits set by WHO/EU. Apart from tomato, the concentration of only Cd was near the standard value for both sets. Similar results were obtained for K except for pumpkin in which the concentration for waste water irrigated samples was fairly high. Amount of Cu and Fe were moderately higher than the standard in both samples. Arsenic in all the samples was considerably high while maximum concentration was obtained for Pd against the limits. These findings suggest waste water irrigated vegetables pose high risk to human health. The concentrations of As and Pb were high in fresh water samples possibly, the well water may contain metals, therefore it is important to know the source.

The susceptibility of ambient air quality is due to particle pollution from PM2.5, which is a great alarm when levels in the air are unhealthy. Inhalation in unhealthy levels of PM2.5 can raise the risk of health problems and also decrease visibility and cause the air to appear obscure. This research investigates the continuous accumulation of PM2.5 at hourly interval using an automated air monitoring instrument in 50 distinct locations' in the five districts of Karachi, Pakistan. Data were collected over a period, from January 1st until June 30th, 2022. During the research study duration, the PM2.5 concentration exhibited variability within the range of 2 to 374 μg/m3. The results revealed that the minimum and maximum PM2.5 concentrations in District South was 3 μg/m3 and 374 μg/m3 respectively followed by District Central (3 μg/m3 , 337 μg/m3), District West (3 μg/m3, 349 μg/m3), District East (2μ g/m3, 343 μg/m3) and District Malir (2 μg/m3, 199μg/m3) correspondingly. The entire sampling data 24-hours average was 114.88 μg/m3compared to the permissible limits of Sindh Environmental Quality Standards (SEQS-2016) 75 μg/m3 and World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines 25 μg/m3 . The outcomes emphasize the necessity for implementing strict emission control protocols and promoting cleaner energy sources to mitigate the health risks associated with PM2.5 exposure. This research work underscores the urgency of air quality management strategies in Karachi, aiding policy makers and stakeholders in devising effective mitigation measures. Addressing the challenges posed by high-level PM2.5 can lead to significant improvements in the overall well-being and quality of life of the city's inhabitants

Health care systems are working in viable conditions and nowadays hospitals need to have a safe internal working and overall general environment. The aim of this study was to compare the environmental, health and safety measures in public and private hospitals of Karachi. A total of 300 respondents particularly 150 patients and 150 hospital staff were randomly selected from public and private hospitals. Collected data has been statistically verified by t-test and correlation techniques in order to examine the environmental, health and safety practices in said hospitals. It has been found that patient of public hospitals faces and suffered a lot. Overall research findings highlight the inadequate and non-compliance of standards. However, public hospitals need more care and focus on environmental, health and safety measures in current conditions and future policies, planning, and strategies. Hospitals are generally obliged to sustain a safe, health and friendly environment. Public hospitals staff must be made aware of environmentally sound and cost effective measures during their working hours. The first study limitation is that this study was conducted in limited area of Sindh which is Karachi. Further study can be conduct in other regions of Pakistan and then make the difference between the environmental, health and safety measures in public and private sector hospitals. Secondly limitation is that limited hospitals were selected for collection of data because of limited resources and time further detailed studies in different regions of Pakistan able to overcome this factor that cause highly effects on the result.