Background: Due to its many benefits, indocyanine green (ICG) has gained progressive popularity in operating rooms (ORs) globally. This literature review examines its qualitative and quantitative usage in surgical treatment. Method: Relevant terms were searched in five international databases (1. Pubmed, 2. Sciencedirect, 3. Scopus, 4. Oxfordjournals, 5. Reaxys) for a comprehensive literature review. The main benefits of using ICG in colorectal surgery are: intraoperative fluorescence angiography; fluorescence-guided lymph node involvement detection and the sentinel technique; the fluorescent emphasis of a minute liver tumour, counting just 200 tumour cells; facilitation of fistula diagnosis; and tumour tattooing. This methodology can also be used with quantitative characteristics such as maximum intensity, relative maximum intensity, and in-flow parameters such as time-to-peak, slope, and t1/2max. This article concludes that fluorescence surgery with ICG and near-infrared (NIR) light is a relatively new technology that improves anatomical and functional information, allowing more comprehensive and safer tumour removal and the preservation of important structures.

Cervical cancer continues to be a public health concern, as it remains the second most common cancer despite screening programs. It is the third most common cause of cancer-related death for women, and the majority of cases happen in developing nations. The standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer involves the use of external beam radiation therapy, along with concurrent chemotherapy, followed by an image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) boost. The five-year relative survival rate for European women diagnosed with cervical cancer was 62% between 2000 and 2007. Updated cervical cancer treatment guidelines based on IGABT have been developed by the Gynecological working group, which is composed of the Group Européen de Curiethérapie–European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology. The therapeutic strategy makes use of three-dimensional imaging, which can be tailored to the target volume and at-risk organs through the use of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Under anaesthesia, the brachytherapy implantation is carried out. Ultrasonography is utilised to assess the depth of the uterine cavity and to facilitate the dilation of the uterine canal during the application insertion. In this study, we examine data from the international literature regarding the application of ultrasound in cervical cancer brachytherapy.

In this modern era, one might find several innovative treatments that are constantly updating themselves and are thus shaping the future of therapy in ovarian cancer patients. The major challenge confronting the clinician is selecting from a range of established and traditional treatment methods (such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy) versus new nanotechnology advancements and gene therapy, which have newly emerged but are evolving rapidly. In terms of surgery, modern-day updates can offer a more precise and up-to-date treatment, with various options to adapt the technique to the patient’s particular needs and indications. An excellent example of surgical modern-day enhancement is fluorescence. Given that complete cytoreduction is a vital prognostic element in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer, surgery enhanced by fluorescence using fluorescent markers might significantly improve the identification of microscopic disease and the prognosis of surgical treatment. Additionally, CD24, a receptor on the cell surface, presents overexpression in 70% of solid tumors and could serve as a predictive and therapeutic biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that CD24-targeted imaging agents enhance tumor removal and noninvasive fluorescence visualization in orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models of epithelial ovarian cancer. Additionally, fluorescence-guided cytoreductive surgery targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor two or folate receptor alpha has demonstrated feasibility in both animal models and individuals with epithelial ovarian cancer. In conclusion, fluorescence-guided surgery may enhance the diagnosis of ovarian cancer micrometastasis and sentinel lymph nodes. More precise future research is required to determine whether the use of this method improves patient outcomes.