Background: Many studies have investigated isokinetic performance in volleyball players but not through surface maps. Objectives: The goals of this study were to assess velocity-specific isokinetic knee extensor-flexor muscle strength and to compare the isokinetic knee extensor-flexor muscles between professional (PRO) and under-17 (U17) female volleyball players. Method: This cross-sectional laboratory study was developed with two groups: PRO (n = 12), median(age) = 21.3 years, and U17 (n = 9), median(age) = 15 years. Peak torque, total work, mean power, angle of peak torque, hamstring-quadriceps torque ratio (H-Q ratio) and torque-angle-velocity surface maps were analysed from knee extension-flexion at 60, 120 and 300 degrees per second (degrees/s). Results: Significant differences were identified for extensor peak torque between PRO (x) over bar= 202.3 Newton metre (N.m) (standard deviation [SD] = 24.4) and U17 (x) over bar = 141.6 N.m (30.1) at 60 degrees/s (p < 0.001; <(d)over bar> = 2.21) as well as flexor peak torque (PRO (x) over bar = 75.7 N.m [10.3] and U17 (x) over bar = 57.7 N.m [11.4]) at 120 degrees/s (p < 0.001; <(d)over bar> = 1.65) for the dominant limb. There were also significant group differences for total work and mean power at all velocities for extension and flexion. Surface maps demonstrated higher torque at lower speeds for both groups with smaller torque changes across velocities for flexion. Conclusion: Different groups of female volleyball players showed contrasting concentric knee muscle strength across isokinetic velocities. Clinical implications: These results demonstrate the importance of specific strength training for different age groups, even within the same sport, and provide insight into muscle strength.

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the western population. The incidence of this disease increases with age. Rising life expectancy and the resulting increase in the ratio of elderly in the population are likely to exacerbate socioeconomic problems. Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial disease. In addition to amyloidogenic processing leading to plaques, and tau pathology, but also other molecular causes such as oxidative stress or inflammation play a crucial role. We summarize the molecular mechanisms leading to Alzheimer’s disease and which potential interventions are known to interfere with these mechanisms, focusing on nutritional approaches and physical activity but also the beneficial effects of cognition-oriented treatments with a focus on language and communication. Interestingly, recent findings also suggest a causal link between oral conditions, such as periodontitis or edentulism, and Alzheimer’s disease, raising the question of whether dental intervention in Alzheimer’s patients can be beneficial as well. Unfortunately, all previous single-domain interventions have been shown to have limited benefit to patients. However, the latest studies indicate that combining these efforts into multidomain approaches may have increased preventive or therapeutic potential. Therefore, as another emphasis in this review, we provide an overview of current literature dealing with studies combining the above-mentioned approaches and discuss potential advantages compared to monotherapies. Considering current literature and intervention options, we also propose a multidomain interdisciplinary approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease patients that synergistically links the individual approaches. In conclusion, this review highlights the need to combine different approaches in an interdisciplinary manner, to address the future challenges of Alzheimer’s disease.