 I am trying to understand the evolution of resistance in pink bollworm to cry toxins expressed in transgenic Bt cotton and other insecticide molecules, resistance development in key pests to insecticides, and the impact of neonicotinoids on the Indian honey bee, Apis cerana.  Some notable work during the last five years include establishing baseline susceptible values for Spodoptera frugiperda which is a new invasive pest in India; quantification of resistance in Indian populations of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella to conventional and new generation molecules; understanding the effects of neonicotinoid molecules on Indian honey bee, Apis cerana  Prior to my work on insecticide resistance, I worked on the population ecology of insects, especially on generating empirical proofs for the existence of discrete generations in tropical non-seasonal insects. Notably, I have touched upon the proximate mechanisms regulating discrete generations and have proposed a new theory.