This paper offers an algorithm to account for potential actions on the efficient production of renewable energy. The algorithm consists of a substantiated choice of a certain type of renewable energy, the evaluation of its potential, and the regulation of the processes of obtaining that renewable energy. Also, potential resources for agricultural biofuel production have been analyzed and it has been determined that there is real biomass potential in Lithuania. It will thus be beneficial to make appropriate managerial decisions on the methods of biofuel processing and consumption, as well as on means of receiving the economic, energy and environmental effects. The total potential of by-product biomass of crop production was determined, and the thermal and electric potential of the crop by-products were calculated. Additionally, the potential for production of gas-like types of fuel (biomethane, biohydrogen, and syngas) from crop by-products was determined. The potential for the production of diesel biofuel from oil crop waste (bran) was also found, and the potential for livestock by-products for receiving gas-like types of fuel (biomethane, biohydrogen) was established. The corresponding thermal and electric equivalents of the potential were found and the potential volumes of the biomethane and biohydrogen production were calculated. The total energy equivalent equals, on average, 30.017 × 10⁶ GJ of the thermal energy and 9.224 × 10⁶ GJ of the electric energy in Lithuania. The total potential of biomethane production (taking into account crop production and animal husbandry wastes) on average equals 285.6 × 10⁶ m³. The total potential of biohydrogen production on average equals 251.9 × 10⁶ m³. The cost equivalents of the energy potential of agrarian biomass have been calculated. The average cost equivalent of the thermal energy could equal EUR 8.9 billion, electric energy—EUR 15.9 billion, biomethane—EUR 3.3 billion and biohydrogen—EUR 14.1 billion. The evaluation of the agricultural biomass potential as a source of renewable energy confirmed that Lithuania has a large biomass potential and satisfies the needs for the production of renewable energy. Thus, it is possible to move to the second step, that of making a decision concerning biomass conversion.

The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy has for decades been geared towards sustainable agricultural development, not only to ensure a fair income for farmers but also to tackle climate change and environmental degradation, emphasizing the link between agricultural economic activity and the importance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The importance of research in this area is reinforced by the EU’s ever-increasing sustainability ambitions in recent years, as set out in the European Green Deal, which has found a place in the new 2023–2027 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) policy to meet the EU’s 2050 target to achieve climate neutrality. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and economic performance for the agricultural sector in the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) from 1998 to 2019. These three countries have similar agricultural structures and similar natural conditions, so the research provides comparable results. The relationship was analyzed by using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model that allows the estimation of short-term dynamics using a distributed delay component and long-term dynamics using a single cointegrating vector. The analysis of the research data showed that gross value-added changes influence greenhouse gas emissions in all three countries. The results of the research, on the other hand, suggested that there is evidence supporting the reverse ‘U-shaped’ impact of the environmental Kuznets curve (ECK) when assessing data from Lithuania and Estonia, but not from Latvia. The study’s findings have significant policy consequences.

It is very important for EU countries to achieve energy independence. But this is actually impossible without a high level of use or consumption of renewable energy (RE) sources. Important parameters affecting the consumption of RE sources are as follows: foreign direct investments (FDI), adjusted net savings (ANS), and environmental tax revenues. In the presented work, the likely impact of the above indicators on the level of use of RE sources was estimated using a second-order regression equation. As a result, it was established that the growth of the adjusted net savings indicator and an increase in environmental tax revenues (ETR) have a positive effect on the level of use of RE sources. With significant FDI, the level of ANS does not have a very obvious effect on the growth of the level of use of RE sources. An increase in the level of ANS allows for an increase in ETR, which in turn contributes to an increase in the level of consumption of RE sources. It was also established that an increase in the level of ANS contributes to a more complete realization of the potential of FDI for the development of RE. It has been empirically established that a consistently high consumption of renewable energy sources is actually possible in the countries with a high level of adjusted net savings, high environmental tax revenues, and active attraction of foreign direct investments.

Research background: Recently, companies have been increasingly focusing on social responsibility and disclosure. They use a variety of standards to disclose their social responsibility. The prevalence of these practices varies between companies in different countries. In addition, some companies declare CSR reporting standards, while others do not. Stakeholders need to know the characteristics of companies that declare CSR reporting standards. Purpose of the article: This study aims to reveal the factors influencing the choice to declare CSR reporting standards in Baltic public companies. Methods: The choice to declare CSR reporting standards is measured by the fact of CSR reporting standards’ declaration and the choice of GRI. The data for dependent variables are collected from non-financial reporting of Baltic public companies by making the content analysis. Company visibility, financial performance, and market expectations are chosen as independent variables. Their data is obtained from the Bloomberg database. Logistic regression models are applied. Findings & value added: Only half of the companies surveyed disclosed the CSR reporting standards used. Estonian public companies prefer GRI standards, and Lithuanian public companies prefer GRI plus UNGC. CSR reporting standards tend to be declared by those public companies that are larger and operate in the “heavy industry” as well as have higher EPS and lower ROA and CAPI. Market expectations are irrelevant to the disclosure of CSR reporting standards. By contrast, GRI standards are used and disclosed by public companies with the same characteristics as those declaring the standards. Still, in this case, age and market expectations are also important factors. Younger and higher market-value companies tend to choose GRI standards. These results reflect managerial behavior based on legitimacy, stakeholder, and signaling theories. Our findings are important to investors, market regulators, policymakers, managers and shareholders.

Purpose of the research - to assess the impact of the accounting of animals at their acquisition (production) cost less depreciation to the financial results and financial position of agricultural businesses. It is a pilot study based on analytical data from agricultural businesses, that specialises in animal breeding and value the animals at the acquisition cost, however do not calculate depreciation. The pilot study revealed the problems associated with the calculation of depreciation for biological assets. The gradual write-off of the cost of livestock in the form of depreciation did not take into account the changes in the economic value of the animals. Additionally, in order to improve the solvency (i.e. liquidity and stability) and reduce the financial risk, the most attractive alternative from the financial perspective was to measure the livestock at the acquisition (production) cost and to waive the depreciation accounting. Keywords: animal classification, animal measuring, measuring at cost, depreciation, financial standing, results of the activity. JEL Codes: D24, M41, Q14 Vertinant ūkyje auginamus gyvūnus įsigijimo (pasigaminimo) savikainos būdu, vyrauja skirtinga praktika dėl šio turto nusidėvėjimo skaičiavimo. Moksliniuose tyrimuose keliami klausimai: ar reikia skaičiuoti žemės ūkio veikloje naudojamų gyvūnų nusidėvėjimą; ar visiems, ar tik daliai gyvūnų reikia skaičiuoti nusidėvėjimą; nuo kokios vertės turi būti skaičiuojamas nusidėvėjimas ir pan. Šiuo eksperimentiniu tyrimu, kuris pagrįstas atsitiktinės atrankos būdu pasirinktų įmonių analitiniais duomenimis, siekta įvertinti, kokią įtaką gyvūnų įkainojimas savikaina ir šio turto nusidėvėjimas turi jų kuriamai ekonominei naudai ir žemės ūkio verslo subjekto veiklos rezultatams bei finansinei būklei. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad sunku nustatyti konkretaus gyvūno naudingo naudojimo laiką ir likvidacinę vertę, gyvūnų savikainos laipsniškas nurašymas skaičiuojant nusidėvėjimą neįvertina biologinio turto ypatumų dėl šio turto produktyvumo ir jų ekonominės vertės kitimo. Siekiant padidinti mokumą bei sumažinti finansinę riziką, finansiškai patraukliausia alternatyva buvo gyvūnus įkainoti įsigijimo (pasigaminimo) savikainos būdu ir neskaičiuoti šio turto nusidėvėjimo.